For a similarly named band, see The Six Parts Seven.

Biography
Shortly before the album's release in June the band announced they were to "stop touring and effectively end the group for the foreseeable future", with a live album and a b-sides and rarities collection to follow.
In December 2005 a new "unofficial" studio album - Club Sandwich at the Peveril Hotel - was released on the band's web site in January 16th 2006, with a limited number of copies making their way into stores in March. Although there was mention (and even scheduling) of a series of live gigs for early 2006, these shows were eventually cancelled due in part to Chris Davis leaving the band in March 2006.
In August 2006 the band made a surprise appearance playing at the Social in Nottingham with a new line up featuring past collaborators Tony Doggen Foster and Ady Fletcher with Ian Bissett newly recruited on the drums.
In September 2006 a collection of rarities, live tracks and demo recordings was made available via the bands' website.
On December 12th 2006 the band played another gig at the Social in Nottingham. Once again this featured the lineup of Chris Olley, James Flower, Doggen, Ady Fletcher and Ian Bissett.

Disbanding
Chris Olley continues to work on his Twelve project and new electro clash outfit fuck me USA www.chrisolley.co.uk and www.fuckmeusa.com Chris Davis also has a new band called Spotlight Kid. www.spotlightkid.info.

Side projects
In February 2007 it was officially announced via the band website that Six By Seven had reformed with their original lineup of Chris Olley, Sam Hempton, James Flower and Chris Davis. Pete Stevenson takes over Paul Douglas' role on bass.
July 2007 sees the internet release of a new album featuring the newly reformed lineup. It is entitled 'If Symptoms Persist, Kill Your Doctor' and is limited to 1000 copies only. Its lyrics are inspired by an episode of a BBC TV programme called The Trap. Gigs are to coincide with the release.
A best of (with songs chosen by fans on the official forum) is to be released later on in 2007 and will include remixes and a DVD containing the band's promo videos.

Discography

The Things We Make (1998) #89
The Closer You Get (2000) #77
The Way I Feel Today (2002) #69
04 (2004)
Left Luggage At The Peveril Hotel (2004)
Artists Cannibals Poets Thieves (2005)
Club Sandwich at the Peveril Hotel (2006)
If Symptoms Persist, Kill Your Doctor (2007) Singles

B-Sides & Rarities 1
B-Sides & Rarities 2
LIVE: Ashton-Under-Lyne 08/09/99
LIVE: Usa, Oslo, Newcastle
LIVE: Amsterdam/Paris
LIVE: La Route Du Rock 1998
LIVE: Eden project 11th august 2001
LIVE: Manchester Hop and Grape 15-04-02
LIVE: Nottingham Boatclub 31/10/02
Live Sessions 1999-2001
Alternative Versions, Remixes And Cover Versions
Demo's 1997-99
Live At The Peveril Hotel

A Union Territory is a sub-national administrative division of India. Unlike the states, which have their own elected governments, union territories are ruled directly by the federal national government; the President of India appoints an Administrator or Lieutenant-Governor for each territory.
See also: States and territories of India

Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Chandigarh
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Daman and Diu
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
National Capital Territory of Delhi

Oxford University Press (OUP) is a publishing house and a department of the University of Oxford in England. It is the largest university press in the world, being larger than all the American university presses combined with Cambridge University Press. In 2006 OUP acquired UK publisher Richmond Law & Tax.
Books published by Oxford have International Standard Book Numbers that begin with 0-19, making the Press one of a tiny number of publishers who have two-digit identification numbers in the ISBN system.

Early history
From the 1850s onward the University of Oxford underwent a protracted and painful programme of modernisation, under the aegis of William Gladstone among others. The Delegacy of the Press ceased to be 'perpetual' in 1856. It now had five perpetual and five junior posts filled by appointment from the University, with the Vice Chancellor a Delegate ex officio.
As the reform of the University got under way, the Delegates were split into two groups. One, epitomized by Mark Pattison, a classicist whom Mrs Humphrey Ward once described as looking 'like a discontented lizard with a cold',

Reorganisation in the nineteenth century
Frowde had no doubt that the Press's business in London could be very largely increased and was appointed on contract with a commission on sales. Seven years later, as Publisher to the University, Frowde was using his own name as an imprint as well as 'Oxford University Press'. This style persisted till recent times, with two kinds of imprints emenating from the Press's London offices. The last man to be known as 'Publisher to the University' was John Brown, known to his colleagues as 'Bruno'.
The distinctions implied by the imprints were subtle but important. Books which were issued by London on commission (paid for by their authors or by some learned body) were styled 'Henry Frowde', or 'Humphrey Milford' with no mention of OUP, as if the Publisher were issuing them himself, while books that the Publisher issued under the rubric of the University bore the imprint 'Oxford University Press'. Both these categories were mostly handled by London, while Oxford (in practice the Secretary) looked after the Clarendon Press books. Commission books were intended to be cash cows to fund the London Business's overheads, since the Press did not lay aside any resources for this purpose. Nevertheless Frowde was especially careful to see that all commission books he published met with the Delegates' approval. This was not an uncommon arrangement for scholarly or antiquarian presses.
Frowde regularly remitted money back to Oxford, but he privately felt that the business was undercapitalized and would pretty soon become a serious drain on the university's resources unless put on a sound commercial footing. He himself was authorized to invest money up to a limit in the business but was prevented from doing so by family troubles. Hence his interest in overseas sales, for by the 1880s and 1890s there was money to be made in India, while the European book market was in the doldrums. But Frowde's distance from the Press's decision-making meant he was incapable of influencing policy unless a Delegate spoke for him. Most of the time Frowde did whatever he could within the mandate given him by the Delegates. In 1905 when applying for a pension he wrote to J.R. Magrath, the then Vice Chancellor, that during the seven years when he had served as manager of the Bible Warehouse the sales of the London Business had averaged about £20,000 and the profits £1,887 per year. By 1905, under his management as Publisher, the sales had risen to upwards of £200,000 per year and the profits in that 29 years of service averaged £8,242 per year.

The London business
Price, trying in his own way to modernize the Press against the resistance of its own historical inertia, had become overworked and by 1883 was so exhausted as to want to retire. Benjamin Jowett had become Vice Chancellor of the University in 1882. Impatient of the endless committees that would no doubt attend the appointment of a successor to Price, Jowett extracted what could be interpreted as permission from the Delegates and headhunted Philip Lyttelton Gell, a former student acolyte of his, to be the next Secretary to the Delegates. Gell was making a name for himself at the publishing firm of Cassell, Petter and Galpin, a firm regarded as scandalously commercial by the Delegates. Gell himself was a patrician who was unhappy with his work, where he saw himself as catering to the taste of 'one class: the lower middle', and he grasped at the chance of working with the kind of texts and readerships OUP attracted.
Jowett promised Gell golden opportunities, little of which he actually had the authority to deliver. He timed Gell's appointment to coincide with both the Long Vacation (from June to September) and the death of Mark Pattison, so potential opposition was prevented from attending the crucial meetings. Jowett knew the primary reason why Gell would attract hostility was that he had never worked for the Press nor been a Delegate, and he had sullied himself in the City with raw commerce. His fears were borne out. Gell immediately proposed a thorough modernising of the Press with a marked lack of tact, and earned himself enduring enemies. Nevertheless he was able to do a lot in tandem with Frowde, and expanded the publishing programmes and the reach of OUP until about 1898. Then his health broke down under the impossible work conditions he was being forced to endure by the Delegates' non-cooperation. The Delegates then served him with a notice of termination of service that violated his contract. However, he was persuaded not to file suit and to go quietly.
The Delegates were not opposed primarily to his initiatives, but to his manner of executing them and his lack of sympathy with the academic way of life. In their view the Press was, and always would be, an association of scholars. Gell's idea of 'efficiency' appeared to violate that culture, although subsequently a very similar programme of reform was put into practice from the inside.

The twentieth century
Milford took responsibility for overseas trade almost at once, and by 1906 he was making plans to send a traveller to India and the Far East jointly with Hodder and Stoughton. N. Graydon (first name unknown) was the first such traveller in 1907, and again in 1908 when he represented OUP exclusively in India, the Straits and the Far East. A.H. Cobb replaced him in 1909, and in 1910 Cobb functioned as a travelling manager semi-permanently stationed in India. In 1911 E.V. Rieu went out to East Asia via the Trans-Siberian Railway, had several adventures in China and Russia, then came south to India and spent most of the year meeting educationists and officials all over India. In 1912, he arrived again in Bombay, now known as Mumbai. There he rented an office in the dockside area and set up the first overseas Branch.
In 1914 Europe was plunged into turmoil. The first effects of the war were paper shortages and losses and disturbances in shipping, then quickly a dire lack of hands as the staff were called up and went to serve on the field. Many of the staff including two of the pioneers of the Indian branch were killed in action. Curiously, sales through the years 1914 to 1917 were good and it was only towards the end of the war that conditions really began pinching.
Rather than bringing relief from shortages the 1920s saw skyrocketing prices of both materials and labour. Paper especially was hard to come by and had to be imported from South America through trading companies. Economies and markets slowly recovered as the 1920s progressed. In 1928 the Press's imprint read 'London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Leipzig, Toronto, Melbourne, Cape Town, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras and Shanghai'. Not all of these were full-fledged branches: in Leipzig there was a depot run by H. Bohun Beet, and In Canada and Australia there were small, functional depots in the cities and an army of educational representatives penetrating the rural fastnesses to sell the Press's stock as well as books published by firms whose agencies were held by the Press, very often including fiction and light reading. In India, the Branch depots in Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta were imposing establishments with sizable stock inventories, for the Presidencies themselves were large markets, and the educational representatives there dealt mostly with upcountry trade. The Depression of 1929 dried profits from the Americas to a trickle, and India became 'the one bright spot' in an otherwise dismal picture. Bombay was the nodal point for distribution to the Africas and onward sale to Australasia, and people who trained at the three major depots moved later on to pioneer branches in Africa and South East Asia. The Press has evolved since then to be one of the largest players in a globally expanding scholarly and reference book market.

Development of overseas trade
When OUP arrived on Indian shores, it was preceded by the immense prestige of the Sacred Books of the East, edited by Friedrich Max Müller, which had at last reached completion in 50 ponderous volumes. While actual purchase of this series was beyond most Indians, libraries usually had a set, generously provided by the government of India, available on open reference shelves, and the books had been widely discussed in the Indian media. Although there had been plenty of criticism of them, the general feeling was that Max Müller had done India a favour by popularising ancient Asian (Persian, Arabic, Indian and Sinic) philosophy in the West. In Madras, there was never a formal branch in the same sense as Bombay and Calcutta, as the management of the depot there seems to have rested in the hands of two local academics.

The Indian branch
OUP's interaction with this area was part of their mission to India, since many of their travellers took in East and South East Asia on their way out to or back from India. Graydon on his first trip in 1907 had travelled the 'Straits Settlements' (largely the Federated Malay States and Singapore), China, and Japan, but was not able to do much. In 1909 A. H. Cobb visited teachers and booksellers in Shanghai, and found that the main competition there was cheap books from America, often straight reprints of British books.
Japan was a much less well-known market to OUP, and a small volume of trade was carried out largely through intermediaries. The Maruzen company was by far the largest customer, and had a special arrangement regarding terms. Other business was routed through H.L. Griffiths, a professional publishers' representative based in Sannomiya, Kobe. Griffiths travelled for the Press to major Japanese schools and bookshops and took a 10 percent commission. Edmund Blunden had been briefly at the University of Tokyo and put the Press in touch with the University booksellers, Fukumoto Stroin.
One important acquisition did come from Japan, however: A. S. Hornby's Advanced Learner's Dictionary.

East and South East Asia
The North American branch was established in 1896 at 91 Fifth Avenue in New York City to facilitate the sale of Oxford Bibles in the United States. Subsequently, it took over marketing of all books of its parent from Macmillan. This office grew in sales between 1928 and 1936, eventually becoming one of the leading University Presses in the United States. It is focused on scholarly and referential books, Bibles, and college and medical textbooks. In the 1990s, this office moved from its original home to 198 Madison Avenue, which was the former B. Altman Company headquarters.

North America
In December 1909 Cobb returned and rendered his accounts for his Asia trip that year. Cobb then proposed to Milford that the Press join a combination of firms to send commercial travellers around South America, to which Milford in principle agreed. Cobb obtained the services of a man called Steer (first name unknown) to travel through Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Chile and possibly other countries as well, with Cobb to be responsible for Steer. Hodder & Stoughton opted out of this venture, but OUP went ahead and contributed to it.
Steer's trip was a disaster, and Milford remarked gloomily that it 'bid fair to be the most costly and least productive on record' of all traveller's trips. Steer returned before he had covered more than half of his itinerary, and on returning failed to have his customs payments refunded, with the result that a hefty sum of £210 was lost to the Press. The Press was obliged to disburse 80 percent of the value of the books he had carried as 'incidental expenses', so even if they had got substantial orders they would still have made a loss. Few orders did in fact come out of the trip, and when Steer's box of samples returned, the London office found that they had not been opened further down than the second layer.

South America
Some trade with East Africa passed through Bombay.

Africa

Important series and titles

Oxford English Dictionary
Concise Oxford English Dictionary
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
Advanced Learner's Dictionary Dictionaries

The Religious Books of the Sikhs
Sacred Books of the East
Rulers of India
The Early History of India Indology

Scriptorum Classicorum Bibliotheca Oxoniensis, also know as the Oxford Classical Texts (Greek and Roman) classics

Oxford History of England
Oxford History of Islam History
OUP has also been a major publisher of academic journals, both in the sciences and the humanities. It has been noted as one of the first university presses to publish an open access journal (Nucleic Acids Research), and probably the first to introduce Hybrid open access journals.

Scholarly journals
Printer to the University Horace Hart. It has lent its name to the Oxford comma.

OUP's contribution to typography and presswork
Since 2001, Oxford University Press has financially supported the Clarendon Bursaries, which are graduate scholarships open to Oxford University students liable to pay tuition fees at the overseas rate. About 100 awards are made annually.

Clarendon Bursaries

Bibliography

Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford

The Roman-Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between the Greco-Roman world and two successive dynasties of the Persian Empire that began as a war between the late Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire in 92 BC before being carried over to the Roman Empire and Sassanid Persia. The long running contest finally ending as a conflict between the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Dynasty in 627 AD.

Origins
The first military confrontation came in 66/65 BC, during Pompey's campaign in Armenia, when he rejected a Parthian proposal to establish the frontier between the two empires on the Euphrates. The Parthians occupied Corduene, until then part of Armenia, but were expelled by the Romans. More serious warfare began in 53 BC, when Crassus led an invasion of Mesopotamia, with catastrophic results. At the Battle of Carrhae, Crassus was defeated by the Parthians under the Surena. Crassus was killed, his command mostly annihilated, and the rest captured resulting in the worst Roman defeat since the Battle of Cannae. The Parthians retaliated the following year with raids into Syria, and in 51 BC mounted a major invasion led by the crown prince Pacorus and the general Osaces, but their army was decisively defeated near Antioch by the Romans under Cassius and Osaces was killed. During Caesar's civil war the Parthians briefly intervened in Syria in support of the opponents of Julius Caesar, relieving the besieged Pompeian garrison of Apamea before withdrawing. WIth the civil war over, Caesar planned Eastern operations larger in scope than Crassus, but was assassinated before his plans could come to fruition. During the ensuing Liberators' civil war, the Parthians actively supported Brutus and Cassius, sending a contingent which fought with them at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC. After that defeat, the Parthians under Pacorus invaded Roman territory in 40 BC in conjunction with Quintus Labienus, a Roman erstwhile supporter of Brutus and Cassius. They swiftly overran Syria, where most of the cities welcomed them. Pacorus then advanced into Judaea, overthrowing the Roman client Hyrcanus II and installing his nephew Antigonus in his place. Meanwhile Labienus had invaded Anatolia, but he was driven back to Syria by Roman forces under Ventidius; reinforced by the Parthians, Labienus was nevertheless defeated and killed. After suffering a further defeat near the Syrian Gates, the Parthians withdrew from Syria. They returned in 38 BC, but were decisively defeated by Ventidius and Pacorus was killed. With Roman control of Syria and Judaea restored, Mark Antony led a huge army into Azerbaijan but failed to make progress and the Romans withdrew with heavy casualties.

Roman Republic vs Parthia
After Antony's campaign, peace between the empires was largely uninterrupted until 59 AD, when the Romans invaded Armenia after the Parthian king Vologases I forcibly installed his brother Tiridates on the throne there. Roman forces under Corbulo overthrew Tiridates and replaced him with a Cappadocian prince. This prompted Parthian retaliation and an inconclusive series of campaigns in Armenia ensued. The war came to an end in 64 when the Romans agreed to allow Tiridates and his descendants to rule Armenia on condition that they received the kingship from the Roman emperor. A new series of wars began in the second century AD, during which the Romans consistently held the upper hand over Parthia. In 114 the Roman Emperor Trajan invaded Armenia and annexed it as a Roman province. In 115 he ovverran northern Mesopotamia and in 116 he captured the Parthian capital Ctesiphon before sailing downriver to the Persian Gulf. However, in that year revolts erupted in the occupied territory, while a major Jewish revolt broke out in Roman territory, severely stretching Roman military resources. Trajan subdued the rebels in Mesopotamia, but having installed the Parthian prince Parthamaspates on the throne there as a client ruler he withdrew his armies, and his remaining conquests were abandoned by his successor Hadrian. In 161 another war broke out over Armenia; Vologases IV of Parthia defeated the Romans there and ravaged Syria. In 163 a Roman counter-attack under Statius Priscus installed a favoured candidate on the throne of Armenia, and in 164 Avidius Cassius began an invasion of Mesopotamia, sacking Seleucia and Ctesiphon in the following year. An epidemic, possibly of smallpox, which was sweeping Parthia at the time now spread to the Roman army, leading to their withdrawal. In 195 another Roman invasion of Mesopotamia began under the Emperor Septimius Severus, who returned and sacked Ctesiphon yet again in 197. These wars led to the Roman acquisition of northern Mesopotamia, as far as the areas around Nisibis and Singara. A final war against the Parthians was launched by the Emperor Caracalla, who sacked Arbela in 216, but after his assassination his successor Macrinus was defeated by the Parthians near Nisibis and was obliged to make a payment in exchange for peace.

Roman Empire vs Parthia
When the Parthian Empire was overthrown, there was no reduction in the conflict since the Sassanids were even more aggressive and stronger than their predecessors due to their more centralized state. Conflict with Rome began shortly after the foundation of the Sassanid Empire by Ardashir I (226–241), who raided in Mesopotamia and Syria in 230. A Roman counter-offensive in 230 under Alexander Severus (222–235) met with mixed fortunes, winning a number of engagements in north-western Iran while another army was defeated on the Euphrates. The struggle resumed and intensified under Ardashir's successor Shapur I (241–272). He invaded Mesopotamia but his forces were expelled from Roman territory after their defeat in the Battle of Resaena in 243. Encouraged by this success, the Emperor Gordian III advanced down the Euphrates but was defeated near Ctesiphon in the Battle of Misiche in 244. Responding to Roman incursions into Armenia, Shapur I resumed hostilities and defeated the Romans at the Battle of Barbalissos in 253 allowing him to take and plunder Antioch. In 259 he captured the Emperor Valerian I after crushing his army in the Battle of Edessa, but his subsequent advance into Anatolia ended in defeat and the loss of all his territorial gains. In 283 the Emperor Carus launched a successful invasion of Persia, sacking its capital, Ctesiphon. In 296 the Persian Shah Narseh defeated the Emperor Galerius in Mesopotamia, but in 298 Galerius defeated Narseh in Armenia, capturing his harem and forcing the Persians to cede five provinces east of the Tigris. From 336 the Persians under Shapur II mounted a series of offensives against the Romans under Constantius II, with little lasting effect. After a period of truce in the 350s while Shapur repulsed nomad attacks on his Central Asian frontier, he launched a new campaign in 359 which was more successful and provoked a major offensive in 363 by the Roman Emperor Julian. Despite victory in the Battle of Ctesiphon, Julian was unable to take the Persian capital and he was killed the same year during a difficult retreat along the Tigris. His successor Jovian was forced to hand over Nisibis, Singara and the territories taken in 298 in exchange for safe passage for his army back to Roman territory. With both empires preoccupied by barbarian threats from the north, a largely peaceful period followed, interrupted only by two brief wars in 421-2 and 440.

Roman Empire vs Sassanid Empire
When Anastasius I refused Kavadh I's demand for money to pay his debts to the Hephthalites who had helped him regain his throne, Kavadh used this as a pretext for war. In 502 he quickly captured the unprepared city of Theodosiopolis, but it was soon retaken by the Romans; Kavadh then besieged the fortress-city of Amida through the autumn and winter. In early 503, Amida finally fell and the year saw much warfare without decisive results. The Romans attempted an ultimately unsuccessful siege of the Persian-held Amida while Kavadh laid siege to Edessa with the same results. Finally in 504, the Romans gained the upper hand with the renewed investment of Amida leading to the hand-over of the city. That year an armisitice was agreed as a result of an invasion of Armenia by the Huns from the Caucasus. In late 506, a treaty was finally agreed, with the Romans paying subsidies to the Persians for the maintenance of fortifications in the Caucasus against the nomads who threatened the security of both empres. The Roman generals blamed many of their difficulties in this war on their lack of a major base in the immediate vicinity of the frontier, a role filled for the Persians by Nisibis (which until its cession in 363 had served the same purpose for the Romans), and in 505 Anastasius therefore ordered the building of a great fortified city at Dara. This was to become a key component of the Roman defences, and also a lasting source of controversy with the Persians, who complained that its construction violated earlier "arms limitation" pacts by which both empires had agreed not to establish new fortifications in the frontier zone.

Anastasian War

Main article: Iberian War Iberian War
The successful campaigns of Belisarius in the west encouraged the Persians to return to war, both taking advantage of Roman preoccupation elsewhere and seeking to check the expansion of Roman territory and resources. In 539 the resumption of hostilities was foreshadowed by a Lakhmid raid led by al-Mundhir IV, which was defeated by the Ghassanids under al-Harith ibn Jabalah. In 540, the Persians broke the Treaty Of Eternal Peace and Khosrau II invaded Syria, destroying the great city of Antioch and deporting its population to Persia; as he withdrew, he extorted large sums of money from the cities of Syria and Mesopotamia. Belisarius was quickly recalled by Justinian I to the East to deal with the Persian threat, while the Goths in Italy, who were in touch with the Persian King, launched a counter-attack. Belisarius took the field and waged an inconclusive campaign against Nisibis in 541. In the same year Lazica switched its allegiance to Persia and Khosrau led an army to secure the kingdom. In 542 Khosrau launched another offensive in Mesopotamia, but soon withdrew in the face of an army under Belisarius, en route sacking the city of Callinicum. Attacks on a number of Roman cities were repulsed and the Persian general Mihr-Mihroe was defeated and captured at Dara by John Troglita. Roman commanders then launched an offensive against Dvin in Armenia, but were defeated by a small Persian force at Anglon. In 543 Khosrau besieged Edessa without success and was eventually bought off by the defenders. A five-year truce was agreed in 545, secured by Roman payments to the Persians.

Lazic War

Main article: Roman-Persian War of 572-591 The climax
The devastating impact of this last war, added to the cumulative effects of a century of almost continuous conflict, left both empires crippled. When Kavadh II died only months after coming to the throne, Persia was plunged into several years of dynastic turmoil and civil war. The Sassanids were further weakened by economic decline, heavy taxation from Khosrau II's campaigns, religious unrest, and the increasing power of the provincial landholders. The Roman Empire was even more severely affected, with its financial reserves exhausted by the war, the Balkans now largely in the hands of the Slavs, Anatolia devastated by repeated Persian invasions and the empire's hold on its recently regained territories in the Caucasus, Syria, Mesopotamia, Palestine and Egypt loosened by many years of Persian occupation. Neither empire was given any chance to recover, as within a few years they were struck by the onslaught of the Arabs, newly united by Islam. The Sassanid Empire rapidly succumbed to these attacks and was completely destroyed. During the Byzantine-Arab Wars, the exhausted Roman Empire's recently regained southern provinces were also lost during the Muslim conquest of Syria, Egypt and North Africa, reducing the empire to a territorial rump consisting of Anatolia and a scatter of islands and footholds in the Balkans and Italy. These remaining lands were thoroughly impoverished by frequent attacks, marking the transition from classical urban civilisation to a more rural, medieval form of society. However, unlike Persia the Roman Empire (in its medieval form usually termed the Byzantine Empire) ultimately survived the Arab assault, holding onto its residual territories and decisively repulsing two Arab sieges of its capital Constantinople in 674-678 and 717-718.

Ely (Welsh Trelai tref town + Elai River Ely) is a suburb primarily dominated by council housing in western Cardiff, Wales.

History
Cowbridge Road West is the predominant road running through Ely as it runs on to Canton and Cardiff city centre to the east, and to the Culverhouse Cross interchange to the west. The parallel Grand Avenue links Cowbridge Road West to the northern estates of Ely. Ely features several shopping parades, notably on Wilson Road as well as Grand Avenue.
Not being on Cardiff's rail network, Ely is served by Cardiff Bus services 17 and 18, using articulated buses which operate every 10 minutes from Central Station via Canton and Caerau. North Ely is also served by services 12/A and 13/A which terminate at Culverhouse Cross / The Drope.

Transport
There are numerous pubs in the Ely area.

Famous people from Ely
The electoral ward of Ely falls within the parliamentary constituency of Cardiff West. It is bounded by Fairwater and Gabalfa to the northwest; Caerau to the south; and the Vale of Glamorgan to the southwest.

The Florence Blue Jays are a now defunct minor league baseball team, based out of Florence, South Carolina. They began play in the South Atlantic League in 1981 where they captured the league title in 1985. After the 1986 season the team relocated and became the Myrtle Beach Blue Jays. They were a minor league club of the Toronto Blue Jays and played at Red Wolfe Stadium.

Former Players

Jimmy Key
Pat Borders
Cecil Fielder
Jose Mesa
Fred McGriff

A strip mall (also called a plaza or mini-mall) is an open area shopping center where the stores are arranged in a row, with a sidewalk in front. Strip malls are typically developed as a unit and have large parking lots in front. They face major traffic arterials and tend to be self-contained with few pedestrian connections to surrounding neighborhoods.

Architectural styles

Pitt Street Mall, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Summer Street, Orange, New South Wales, Australia.

Coordinates: 22°19′19″N, 114°10′59″E
King George V School (Chinese: 英皇佐治五世學校), often shortened to "KGV" (pronounced as: K-G-Five) is a co-educational international secondary school of the English Schools Foundation, located in the Ho Man Tin area of Hong Kong. KGV currently serves 1,700 students in the Kowloon peninsula. One of the oldest schools in Hong Kong with a long history and many traditions, the students take GCSEs followed by the International Baccalaureate. KGV has a unit for children with special needs. The campus is 10.2 acres in size.

History
KGV is the oldest of all the schools in the English Schools Foundation. It first opened in 1894 on Nathan Road and originally catered for Europeans living in Kowloon. At that time the school comprised just one small building. It was destroyed in a typhoon in 1896. In 1902 Kowloon College opened in its place. A huge opening ceremony took place. Many of the Hong Kong colony's elite, such as Major General Gascoigne, the Apostolic Vicar of Hong Kong Louis Piazzoli, J.H. Stewart Lockhart the Colony Secretary were there. The school was built using donations from Sir Robert Hotung.

Pre-WW2 period
In 1937, the Japanese army invaded China. Lots of European women and children were evacuated from Shanghai to Hong Kong. They needed a place to stay in the summer and the school was used as a refugee camp. When World War II started in 1939, the government started to worry about the safety of the children. In August 1940 the government ordered the evacuation of European women and children, and the school site was occupied by British forces as a hospital. When Hong Kong surrendered in the Battle of Hong Kong, the school site was taken over by the Japanese and used as a hospital for prisoners of war. It is rumored that the clock tower and/or Pavilion was once used as a morgue or torture chamber under the Japanese occupation and that ghosts of tortured victims inhabit the clock tower and room P14. Dead bodies were also said to be buried under the school field. What is known, however, is that when classes at KGV resumed after WWII, the back of the stage still had the Rising Sun flag (of the Japanese military) painted on its back wall.
When the news was received that Japan had surrendered, the General commanding the school left holding his sword high. As soon as he had left, the school raised the British Flag. It is probably the first in Hong Kong. After the end of the war KGV was used as a military hospital and British doctors lived in the school. The following message was inscribed at the Hall's main entrance: "Never in the field of human conflict" - a reference to Winston Churchill's famous speech given to the British Parliament on 20 August 1940. To this day the quote still remains at the Hall's main entrance.

WW2 period
The school re-opened in the summer of 1946 and in 1947 children of all nationalities were able to join the school. Since it was no longer only for British pupils, the school's name was changed on speech day 1948. It is now called King George V School. George V was King when the foundation stone of the Peel Block was laid.
In 1974, the principal Miss A. Smith decided that KGV should join the English Schools Foundation, and in 1979, the transfer was complete. KGV is currently the oldest school in the ESF.

Post WW2 period
There are approximately 1,700 students of some 28 different nationalities enrolled in the school. Students are accepted from many feeder primary schools in the English Schools Foundation such as Kowloon Junior School, Beacon Hill School, and Clearwater Bay School.
The house system is the basis for all school competitions such as in sports, music, and dance, and often sees fierce competition between the houses. Each student at KGV belongs to a house, named after former members of staff. However, to prevent competition between members of the same family, brothers and sisters are usually placed into the same house.
The houses, and their associated colors, are as follows:
For pastoral purposes, students are allocated year groups ranging from Year 7 to Year 13, depending on their year of birth. These year groups are further split into form groups, named after planets and heavenly bodies: A (Asteroid), E (Earth), G (Galaxy), H (Halley's Comet), J (Jupiter), M (Mars), N (Neptune), P (Pluto), S (Saturn), V (Venus). A form group consists of roughly 30 students, and is allocated a form room, where registration (i.e. attendance) is taken, and any notices such as the Daily Bulletin are read out.
A student's form group originally remained unchanged throughout his or her school career, i.e. a student placed in group 7S would precede to 8S, 9S, and 10S etc. In September 2001, students entering Year 9 had their form groups reshuffled to encourage the students to be more familiar with the rest of the year, but the old system was restored in 2004. Form groups are normally reshuffled again at the beginning of Year 12 to account for leavers after completion of Year 11. Students were formerly picked arbitrarily into form groups, but as of September 2005, senior school students in Year 12 and 13 are placed in house-based form groups. The years are mixed together, known as vertical tutoring, so groups will consist of Year 12 and 13 students. Such groups are named 6N1 (Sixth Form, Nightingale, Group 1) as opposed to previously, where students were placed in groups named 12E, 13M, etc.

Crozier (green) - a teacher who fought to defend Hong Kong in WWII.
Nightingale (yellow) - headmaster who first asked for a new school building, which is now the current school site.
Rowell (blue) - a teacher who designed part of the current site of the school.
Upsdell (red) - the first headmaster to serve in the school building located at the current school site. Students and the house system
Students in KGV have to wear a uniform. In summer, girls in Y7—Y11 wear a blue skirt or blue trousers, a white blouse with the KGV logo, black leather shoes and a pair of plain white socks. Girls in Y12-Y13 wear a khaki skirt or trousers, white blouse, black shoe or sandals and a pair of white socks. Boys in Y7—Y11 wear blue trousers or shorts, a white shirt with the KGV logo, a black leather belt, black leather shoes and a pair of black socks. Boys in Y12-Y13 wear khaki trousers or shorts, a white shirt, a black belt, black shoes and a pair of black socks.
In winter, girls in Y7-Y11 wear a blue skirt, a white long-sleeved blouse, dark blue tights, a yellow tie for Y7-Y8, or a blue tie for Y9-Y11, white socks and black shoes, V-neck pullover or a navy blue blazer. Y12 -Y13 girls wear a khaki skirt or trousers, a white long-sleeved blouse, a blazer or pull-over, dark blue tights, white socks, black shoes and a blue tie. Boys in Y7-Y11 wear blue trousers, a white long- sleeved shirt, a pull-over or blazer, socks and shoes the same as summer uniforms, and yellow tie for Y7 - Y8, blue for Y9-Y11. Y12-Y13 boys wear khaki trousers, a white long-sleeved shirt, a blazer or pull-over, blue tie and shoes and socks as the summer uniforms.

Dress code
The Senior Student Council consists of 14 members, all of them from Year 12. Half of them are elected through direct student voting in the senior school (Years 12 and 13), and half of them are voted from within form groups. The President and Vice President of the Council are then voted in by Year 12 students.
The Senior Student Council listens to the student opinion, through form representatives, assisting the school's development and improvement. In recent SSC elections, issues of concern for KGV students have included congestion in the school's stairways , the lack of means through which students can voice their concerns, and the replacement of malfunctioning computers in the Senior Student Centre Resource Room.

Senior student council
KGV School Council is responsible for the government of the life and work of the school. The Council has a number of responsibilities including monitoring, reviewing and evaluating the School Development Plan; the appointment and promotion of staff; approving the school budget; ensuring the condition and state of repair of the school premises and also acts as a link between ESF management, the school and the community as a whole.
Mr. Donald Yap
Mr. Simon Tsang
Mr. Naresh Khiatani
Mr. Edward Chiu
Mrs. Sue Leatham
Ms. Kirrily Foley

School council
The motto of KGV is Honestas Ante Honores which means "Honesty Before Glory" in Latin.The school song is also called Honestas Ante Honores as well. It is sung at school events such as the Junior School Celebration and Speech Day.

School motto and song

Facilities
This is the list of buildings on the KGV campus as of 2007.
Completed: 1937
This block is named after Sir William Peel, the Governor of Hong Kong from 1930-1935. His name can be found on the foundation stone on the north-east side of the building. This is the first block built on the present school site. It is protected under Hong Kong law because of its age.
The building has a shape of a reversed letter E, and has two stories, housing the Hall, fourteen general-purpose classrooms on the ground floor and an extra four on the first floor, seven senior science labs all on the first floor, the Reading Centre (a junior library), a computer room, two multimedia suites, the staff room and offices, and a lecture theatre. The clock tower sits prominently on the front side of the building. There are also two paved quads for various activities.
Since the KGV site was used as a hospital and a dungeon by the Japanese in World War II, there are many rumours about this block. Many have said that the computer room is haunted and was a torture chamber during the Japanese Occupation, while others say at night footsteps can be heard on the Peel Block's roof.
The Hall, located in the centre of this block, has hardwood flooring in the centre and marble flooring on the side walkways and up halfway along the wall. At the front of the hall is the stage, and to the rear, there is a second balcony level. The hall is outfitted with advanced sound and lighting equipment, and used for events ranging from weekly Assembly to Speech Day (an award ceremony for Year 9s and above) to music and dance competitions.
Completed: 1964
This building, situated on the south side of the campus, is three stories tall. There are two design technology rooms, two textiles technology rooms, and the school's Sick Room on the ground floor; two graphics technology rooms and two food technology rooms on the first floor; six junior science labs, and two general-purpose classrooms on the second and third floors.
Completed: 1979
The school's swimming pool is just behind the Peel Block, and is open during the summer and the autumn for P.E. lessons and after school activities.
Completed: 1982
The Annex Block houses two classrooms on the ground floor and two on the second floor. These classrooms are mainly used for teaching Chinese; there is a Languages Store room as well.
Completed: 1983
Formerly comprised of two squash courts, the Activities Centre now houses two Drama Studios and Drama Department Office, boys' and girls' P.E. changing rooms, and a boys' drama changing room. (The girls' drama changing room is on the ground floor of the Link Block.)
Completed: 1984
This five-storey building literally links the New Block, the Peel Block and the Activities Centre, with covered walkways on connecting floors. This building houses two Design and Technology rooms, a D&T office and store room, as well as a drama studio and girls' drama changing room on the ground floor. The two middle-school pastoral offices, three computer labs, and the School Library are on the first floor; fourteen general-purpose classrooms are spread out amongst the the second, third and fourth floors; three music rooms are on the fourth floor; three art rooms are on the fifth floor.
Completed: 1986
The Jockey Club Sarah Roe Centre was built with funds donated from the then Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club and named after Mrs. Sarah Roe, an occupational therapist, who was a founder of the Child Development Centre at the Matilda Hospital. It originally contained the Jockey Club Sarah Roe School in the Garden Rooms on the ground floor (which moved to new accommodation underneath the Senior Student Centre later in 1996), support offices, and a professional development and resources centre for ESF staff on the floors above.
Over the years, the building has been used for different purposes including housing the offices of ESF Educational Services Ltd, Sally's Place (ESF's Self-Access Language Learning Centre), the ESF Professional Library and KGV using the Garden Rooms as classrooms. Currently, KGV uses the Garden Rooms for teaching purposes whilst the first floor houses KGV's Junior School Office. The remaining office space houses the ESF Education Development Center's satellite office, its conference facilities and the ESF Professional Video Library.
Completed: 1996
The Hong Kong Jockey Club]] Sarah Roe School is housed on the KGV site, and occupies the first two storeys of this building. This facility educates students with special needs across the English Schools Foundation, and is the only such unit in the entire foundation.
KGV occupies the remaining floors, designated by the letter E. The third floor of the building houses the Senior Student Centre (SSC) which is a common lounge/study area reserved exclusively for senior students. There are five classrooms in the Senior Student Centre used by students from all years, as well as a lecture theatre and a computer room. Offices for senior school pastoral staff are also housed there.
In 2001, a vertical extension to the building was completed. The fourth floor of this building provides ten more classrooms as well as a computer lab. There is also a second staff break room there. This floor is technically not part of the Senior Student Centre, but is often referred to by junior students as the "SSC" floor anyway.
The roof of the building has a tennis court. Tennis courts used to be on the ground floor before this building was erected.
Completed: 1999
These six ground-floor classrooms were meant as "temporary" classrooms, but as KGV grew, these classrooms became necessary and thus a permanent fixture. Modern Languages are taught predominantly in these six rooms which occupy the "piazza" area encased inside the square formed by the Peel, New, and Link blocks.
Completion Date Not Known
This block occupies the south-west corner of the school field. Prior to the reconstruction of the field, two classrooms (X1 and X2) were housed in this block, and storage shed and maintenance shed occupied the ground floor. The classrooms have now been converted into changing rooms. Many students and teachers believe the Pavilion was used as a torture chamber during World War II when the Japanese occupied the school.

Peel Block (P)
New Block (N)
Swimming Pool
Annex Block (AN)
Activities Centre
Link Block (L)
Jockey Club Sarah Roe Centre (JCSRC)
Sarah Roe School (JCSRS) / Senior Student Centre (SSC) (E)
"B"-block (B)
Pavilion Block Buildings
As of 2003, KGV's artificially turfed field has become the ESF's multipurpose sports facility. It has markings for various sports such as football (soccer), and also has a track running the perimeter of the field.
Prior to the astroturfing, there was opposition to the use of artificial turf. However, huge amounts of money were spent on maintaining the natural grass on the field's base of hard clay, and so was uneconomic and impractical: Inevitably, after a month or two of use the field would become a large dust bowl and students would often get injured playing on the field. Over HK$16 million was spent on the conversion, which started late in 2002.
KGV has an outdoor, 25 metre swimming pool with six lanes, normally in operation from April (usually after Easter break) to November.
The Canteen block is located next to the swimming pool, houses the canteen (Sodexho), the weights room, the PTSA shop, as well as offices for the PTSA (Parent Teachers Student Association).

Field
Swimming pool
Canteen block Other facilities
There are plans to amalgamate the KGV and KJS (Kowloon Junior School) Perth Street campus to allow KGV to grow further. This would involve the replacement of the canteen block and swimming pool with state-of-the-art facilities including a performance hall, indoor swimming pool, and gym facilities.

Curriculum
KGV, being such an old school, has many traditions in place. The list below is by no means exhaustive.
Formerly held Monday and Friday mornings, they are now held Wednesday afternoons. Assemblies are where announcements are made to the whole school, performances are given, and, in general, is a common bond that holds the school's students together. However, due to the growth in student numbers since 2003, assembly can no longer be held with all students under one roof as was the case then. Currently, assemblies are live broadcast to other venues. These are Drama Studio 1, 2 and 3.
The Pantomime, otherwise called the "panto", is performed by Year 13 students on the final day of the fall term, near to Christmas. Generally making fun of the school or its teachers, this event is invariably a great comedy show for all students.
A concert given by the KGV Orchestra and Choir, open to the general public. White Christmas has been a staple of KGV Christmas Final Assembly for as long as anyone could remember. Originally at KGV sung by W. McMahon, a teacher, no Christmas Carol Concert or Christmas Final Assembly is complete without the singing of this song. After Mr. McMahon's retirement in 2001, White Christmas is now sung by a senior student.
Known as the KGV Karnival prior 2007 or Spring Fair prior 2003, this event is held every year in March or April where KGV is set up to be like a bazaar. Students set up games stalls, merchants set up small shops, and there are performances by student groups as well as the Orchestras (Junior Orchestra and Senior Orchestra) and the Jazz Band.
An elimination game is held on the school field or Hall where a $10 entrance fee is charged, and a series of questions is asked. Proceeds from this game go to the school charity. This is always held at the last day of every school year.
A final assembly on Year 13's final day before exam leave in the summer. Usually, a performance is given by Year 13 students, and final goodbyes are said. There is a recital of Rudyard Kipling's poem If— by the Head Boy, and Phenomenal Woman by Maya Angelou by the Head Girl. At the end, a band of teachers play Summer Holiday by Cliff Richard while the rest of staff (on stage) and school sing along. Prior to 2002, students would spend the night at the school as well; this tradition was scrapped due to safety concerns.

Assembly
Year 13 pantomime
Christmas carol concert
KGViva
KGV survivor
Year 13 final assembly Trivia

Michael Hutchence – deceased lead singer of Australian band, INXS .
Martin Booth – deceased author of novel Industry of Souls
Dermot Reeve – England cricketer, known as an unorthodox all-rounder.
Kemal Bokhary – Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal, Hong Kong
Tim Atkinson – Player in Australia's Rugby Sevens team
David Millar – Professional Cyclist on the Saunier-Duval Prodir Team & Tour de France Stage Winner

In evolutionary biology, parental investment (PI) is any parental expenditure (time, energy etc.) that benefits one offspring at a cost to parents' ability to invest in other components of fitness (Clutton-Brock 1991: 9; Trivers 1972). Components of fitness (Beatty 1992) include the wellbeing of existing offspring, parents' future reproduction, and inclusive fitness through aid to kin (Hamilton, 1964). Parental investment is sometimes incorrectly equated with parental care or parental effort. Parental investment theory is a branch of life history theory. This potential negative effect of parental care was explicitly formalised by Trivers (1972) who originally defined the term parental investment to mean any investment by the parent in an individual offspring that increases the offspring's chance of surviving (and hence reproductive success) at the cost of the parent's ability to invest in other offspring. Clutton-Brock (1991: 9) expanded the concept of PI to include costs to any other component of parental fitness.
Robert Trivers' theory of parental investment predicts that the sex making the largest investment in lactation, nurturing and protecting offspring will be more discriminating in mating and that the sex that invests less in offspring will compete for access to the higher investing sex (see Bateman's principle). Sex differences in parental effort are important in determining the strength of sexual selection.
Reproduction is costly. Individuals are limited in the degree to which they can devote time and resources to producing and raising their young, and such expenditure may also be detrimental to their future condition, survival and further reproductive output. However, such expenditure is typically beneficial to the offspring, enhancing their condition, survival and reproductive success. These differences may lead to parent-offspring conflict. Parental investment can be provided by the female (female uniparental care), the male (male uniparental care), or both (biparental care). Parents are naturally selected to maximise the difference between the benefits and the costs, and parental care will tend to exist when the benefits are substantially greater than the costs.
Parental care is found in a broad range of taxonomic groups including both ectothermic (invertebrates, fish, amphibians and reptiles) and endothermic (birds and mammals) species. Care can be provided at any stage of the offspring life: pre-natal care including behaviours such as egg guarding, preparation of nest, brood carrying, incubation and placental nourishment in mammals and post-natal care including food provisioning, protection of offspring.
Since both males and females go through several reproductive bouts during their lifetime, it is expected that parents trade-off the benefits of investing in current offspring against the costs to future reproduction. In particular, parents need to balance their offspring demands against their own self-maintenance. The benefits of parental investment to the offspring are large and are associated with the effects on condition, growth, survival and ultimately, on reproductive success of the offspring. However, these benefits can come at the cost of parent's ability to reproduce in the future e.g. through the increased risk of injury when defending offspring against predators, the loss of mating opportunities whilst rearing offspring and an increase in the time to the next reproduction. Overall, parents are selected to maximise the difference between the benefits and the costs, and parental care will be likely to evolve when the benefits are higher than the costs.

Khosrau II or Khosrow II (Chosroes II in classical sources, sometimes called Parvez, "the ever Victorious" – in Persian: خسرو پرویز) was the twenty-second Sassanid King of Persia from 590 to 628. He was the son of Hormizd IV (579–590) and grandson of Khosrau I (531–579).

Biography
Khosrau II was much inferior to his grandfather. He was haughty and cruel, rapacious and given to luxury; he was neither a general nor an administrator. He had a harem of over 10,000 concubines, and when Arab Na'aman refused Khosrau his daughter, he had him crushed by elephants.

Personality and skills
Khosrau II was raised to the throne by the magnates who had rebelled against Hormizd IV, who soon after had his father blinded and killed. But at the same time the general Bahram Chobin had proclaimed himself King Bahram VI (590–591), and Khosrau II was not able to maintain himself.
The war with the Romans, which had begun in 571, had not yet come to an end. Khosrau II fled to Syria, and persuaded the Emperor Maurice (582–602) to send help. Many leading men and part of the troops acknowledged Khosrau II, and in 591 he was brought back to Ctesiphon. Bahram VI was defeated and he fled to the Turks of Central Asia, among whom he was murdered. Peace with Rome was then concluded. Maurice made no use of his advantage; he merely restored the former frontier and abolished the subsidies which had formerly been paid to the Persians.

Accession to the Throne
At the beginning of his reign, Khosrau II favoured the Christians; but when in 602 Maurice had been murdered by Phocas (602–610), he began war with Rome to avenge his death. His armies plundered Syria and Asia Minor, and in 608 advanced to Chalcedon.
In 613 and 614 Damascus and Jerusalem were taken by the general Shahrbaraz, and the True Cross was carried away in triumph. Soon after, General Shahin marched through Anatolia and conquered Egypt in 618. The Romans could offer but little resistance, as they were torn by internal dissensions, and pressed by the Avars and Slavs.

Military Exploits and Early Victories
Ultimately, in 622, the Emperor Heraclius (who had succeeded Phocas in 610 and ruled until 641) was able to take the field. In 624 he advanced into northern Media, where he destroyed the great fire-temple of Ganzhak (Gazaca); in 626 he fought in Lazistan (Colchis). In 626, Persian general Shahrbaraz advanced to Chalcedon and tried to capture Constantinople with the help of Persia's Avar allies. His attempt failed, and he withdrew his army from Anatolia later in 628.
Following the Khazar invasion of Transcaucasia in 627, Heraclius defeated the Persian army at the Battle of Nineveh and advanced towards Ctesiphon. Khosrau II fled from his favourite residence, Dastgerd (near Baghdad), without offering resistance; some of the grandees freed his eldest son Kavadh II (he ruled briefly in 628), whom Khosrau II had imprisoned, and proclaimed King (night of 23-4 February, 628). Four days afterwards, Khosrau II was murdered in his palace. Meanwhile, Heraclius returned in triumph to Constantinople; in 629 the Cross was given back to him and Egypt evacuated, while the Persian empire, from the apparent greatness which it had reached ten years ago, sank into hopeless anarchy. It was overtaken by the armies of the first Islamic Caliphs beginning in 634.

Turn of Tides
Khosrau II (Arabic كسري) is also remembered in muslim tradition to be the Persian king to whom the Islamic prophet Muhammad had sent a messenger, Abdullah ibn Hudhafah as-Sahmi together with a letter to preach the religion of Islam. In Tabari's original Arabic manuscript the letter to Khosrau II reads:
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم من محمد رسول الله الى كسرى عظيم الفارس . سلام على من اتبع الهدى و آمن بالله و رسوله و شهد ان لااله الا الله وحده لاشريك له و ان محمد عبده و رسوله. ادعوك بدعاء الله، فانى رسول الله الى الناس كافة لانذر من كان حيا و يحق القول على الكافرين. فاسلم تسلم . فان ابيت فان اثم المجوس عليك .
English translation:
In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Ever Merciful From Muhammad, Messenger of Allah, to Chosroes, Ruler of Persia. Peace be on him who follows the guidance, believes in Allah and His Messenger and bears witness that there is no one worthy of worship save Allah, the One, without associate, and that Muhammad is His Servant and Messenger. I invite you to the Call of Allah, as I am the Messenger of Allah to the whole of mankind, so that I may warn every living person and so that the truth may become clear and the judgment of God may overtake the infidels. I call upon you to accept Islam and thus make yourself secure. If you turn away, you will bear the sins of your Zoroastrian subjects.
The Persian historian Tabari continues that in refusal and outrage, Khosrau tore up Mohammed's letter and commanded Badhan (Persian: باذان), his vassal ruler of Yemen, to dispatch two valiant men to identify, seize and bring this man from Hijaz (Muhammad) to him. The narration carries on with trivial accounts of their encounter and dialogue with Muhammad and conversion of Badhan (Bāzān) and the whole Yemenite Persians to Islam subsequent to receipt of shocking tidings of Khosrau's murder by his own son, Kavadh II (Persian: شيرويه Shirouyeh).

In art

Shirin Beloved wife of Khosrau
Non-Muslims Interactants with Muslims During Muhammad's Era