For a similarly named band, see The Six Parts Seven.

Biography
Shortly before the album's release in June the band announced they were to "stop touring and effectively end the group for the foreseeable future", with a live album and a b-sides and rarities collection to follow.
In December 2005 a new "unofficial" studio album - Club Sandwich at the Peveril Hotel - was released on the band's web site in January 16th 2006, with a limited number of copies making their way into stores in March. Although there was mention (and even scheduling) of a series of live gigs for early 2006, these shows were eventually cancelled due in part to Chris Davis leaving the band in March 2006.
In August 2006 the band made a surprise appearance playing at the Social in Nottingham with a new line up featuring past collaborators Tony Doggen Foster and Ady Fletcher with Ian Bissett newly recruited on the drums.
In September 2006 a collection of rarities, live tracks and demo recordings was made available via the bands' website.
On December 12th 2006 the band played another gig at the Social in Nottingham. Once again this featured the lineup of Chris Olley, James Flower, Doggen, Ady Fletcher and Ian Bissett.

Disbanding
Chris Olley continues to work on his Twelve project and new electro clash outfit fuck me USA www.chrisolley.co.uk and www.fuckmeusa.com Chris Davis also has a new band called Spotlight Kid. www.spotlightkid.info.

Side projects
In February 2007 it was officially announced via the band website that Six By Seven had reformed with their original lineup of Chris Olley, Sam Hempton, James Flower and Chris Davis. Pete Stevenson takes over Paul Douglas' role on bass.
July 2007 sees the internet release of a new album featuring the newly reformed lineup. It is entitled 'If Symptoms Persist, Kill Your Doctor' and is limited to 1000 copies only. Its lyrics are inspired by an episode of a BBC TV programme called The Trap. Gigs are to coincide with the release.
A best of (with songs chosen by fans on the official forum) is to be released later on in 2007 and will include remixes and a DVD containing the band's promo videos.

Discography

The Things We Make (1998) #89
The Closer You Get (2000) #77
The Way I Feel Today (2002) #69
04 (2004)
Left Luggage At The Peveril Hotel (2004)
Artists Cannibals Poets Thieves (2005)
Club Sandwich at the Peveril Hotel (2006)
If Symptoms Persist, Kill Your Doctor (2007) Singles

B-Sides & Rarities 1
B-Sides & Rarities 2
LIVE: Ashton-Under-Lyne 08/09/99
LIVE: Usa, Oslo, Newcastle
LIVE: Amsterdam/Paris
LIVE: La Route Du Rock 1998
LIVE: Eden project 11th august 2001
LIVE: Manchester Hop and Grape 15-04-02
LIVE: Nottingham Boatclub 31/10/02
Live Sessions 1999-2001
Alternative Versions, Remixes And Cover Versions
Demo's 1997-99
Live At The Peveril Hotel

A Union Territory is a sub-national administrative division of India. Unlike the states, which have their own elected governments, union territories are ruled directly by the federal national government; the President of India appoints an Administrator or Lieutenant-Governor for each territory.
See also: States and territories of India

Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Chandigarh
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Daman and Diu
Lakshadweep
Puducherry
National Capital Territory of Delhi

Oxford University Press (OUP) is a publishing house and a department of the University of Oxford in England. It is the largest university press in the world, being larger than all the American university presses combined with Cambridge University Press. In 2006 OUP acquired UK publisher Richmond Law & Tax.
Books published by Oxford have International Standard Book Numbers that begin with 0-19, making the Press one of a tiny number of publishers who have two-digit identification numbers in the ISBN system.

Early history
From the 1850s onward the University of Oxford underwent a protracted and painful programme of modernisation, under the aegis of William Gladstone among others. The Delegacy of the Press ceased to be 'perpetual' in 1856. It now had five perpetual and five junior posts filled by appointment from the University, with the Vice Chancellor a Delegate ex officio.
As the reform of the University got under way, the Delegates were split into two groups. One, epitomized by Mark Pattison, a classicist whom Mrs Humphrey Ward once described as looking 'like a discontented lizard with a cold',

Reorganisation in the nineteenth century
Frowde had no doubt that the Press's business in London could be very largely increased and was appointed on contract with a commission on sales. Seven years later, as Publisher to the University, Frowde was using his own name as an imprint as well as 'Oxford University Press'. This style persisted till recent times, with two kinds of imprints emenating from the Press's London offices. The last man to be known as 'Publisher to the University' was John Brown, known to his colleagues as 'Bruno'.
The distinctions implied by the imprints were subtle but important. Books which were issued by London on commission (paid for by their authors or by some learned body) were styled 'Henry Frowde', or 'Humphrey Milford' with no mention of OUP, as if the Publisher were issuing them himself, while books that the Publisher issued under the rubric of the University bore the imprint 'Oxford University Press'. Both these categories were mostly handled by London, while Oxford (in practice the Secretary) looked after the Clarendon Press books. Commission books were intended to be cash cows to fund the London Business's overheads, since the Press did not lay aside any resources for this purpose. Nevertheless Frowde was especially careful to see that all commission books he published met with the Delegates' approval. This was not an uncommon arrangement for scholarly or antiquarian presses.
Frowde regularly remitted money back to Oxford, but he privately felt that the business was undercapitalized and would pretty soon become a serious drain on the university's resources unless put on a sound commercial footing. He himself was authorized to invest money up to a limit in the business but was prevented from doing so by family troubles. Hence his interest in overseas sales, for by the 1880s and 1890s there was money to be made in India, while the European book market was in the doldrums. But Frowde's distance from the Press's decision-making meant he was incapable of influencing policy unless a Delegate spoke for him. Most of the time Frowde did whatever he could within the mandate given him by the Delegates. In 1905 when applying for a pension he wrote to J.R. Magrath, the then Vice Chancellor, that during the seven years when he had served as manager of the Bible Warehouse the sales of the London Business had averaged about £20,000 and the profits £1,887 per year. By 1905, under his management as Publisher, the sales had risen to upwards of £200,000 per year and the profits in that 29 years of service averaged £8,242 per year.

The London business
Price, trying in his own way to modernize the Press against the resistance of its own historical inertia, had become overworked and by 1883 was so exhausted as to want to retire. Benjamin Jowett had become Vice Chancellor of the University in 1882. Impatient of the endless committees that would no doubt attend the appointment of a successor to Price, Jowett extracted what could be interpreted as permission from the Delegates and headhunted Philip Lyttelton Gell, a former student acolyte of his, to be the next Secretary to the Delegates. Gell was making a name for himself at the publishing firm of Cassell, Petter and Galpin, a firm regarded as scandalously commercial by the Delegates. Gell himself was a patrician who was unhappy with his work, where he saw himself as catering to the taste of 'one class: the lower middle', and he grasped at the chance of working with the kind of texts and readerships OUP attracted.
Jowett promised Gell golden opportunities, little of which he actually had the authority to deliver. He timed Gell's appointment to coincide with both the Long Vacation (from June to September) and the death of Mark Pattison, so potential opposition was prevented from attending the crucial meetings. Jowett knew the primary reason why Gell would attract hostility was that he had never worked for the Press nor been a Delegate, and he had sullied himself in the City with raw commerce. His fears were borne out. Gell immediately proposed a thorough modernising of the Press with a marked lack of tact, and earned himself enduring enemies. Nevertheless he was able to do a lot in tandem with Frowde, and expanded the publishing programmes and the reach of OUP until about 1898. Then his health broke down under the impossible work conditions he was being forced to endure by the Delegates' non-cooperation. The Delegates then served him with a notice of termination of service that violated his contract. However, he was persuaded not to file suit and to go quietly.
The Delegates were not opposed primarily to his initiatives, but to his manner of executing them and his lack of sympathy with the academic way of life. In their view the Press was, and always would be, an association of scholars. Gell's idea of 'efficiency' appeared to violate that culture, although subsequently a very similar programme of reform was put into practice from the inside.

The twentieth century
Milford took responsibility for overseas trade almost at once, and by 1906 he was making plans to send a traveller to India and the Far East jointly with Hodder and Stoughton. N. Graydon (first name unknown) was the first such traveller in 1907, and again in 1908 when he represented OUP exclusively in India, the Straits and the Far East. A.H. Cobb replaced him in 1909, and in 1910 Cobb functioned as a travelling manager semi-permanently stationed in India. In 1911 E.V. Rieu went out to East Asia via the Trans-Siberian Railway, had several adventures in China and Russia, then came south to India and spent most of the year meeting educationists and officials all over India. In 1912, he arrived again in Bombay, now known as Mumbai. There he rented an office in the dockside area and set up the first overseas Branch.
In 1914 Europe was plunged into turmoil. The first effects of the war were paper shortages and losses and disturbances in shipping, then quickly a dire lack of hands as the staff were called up and went to serve on the field. Many of the staff including two of the pioneers of the Indian branch were killed in action. Curiously, sales through the years 1914 to 1917 were good and it was only towards the end of the war that conditions really began pinching.
Rather than bringing relief from shortages the 1920s saw skyrocketing prices of both materials and labour. Paper especially was hard to come by and had to be imported from South America through trading companies. Economies and markets slowly recovered as the 1920s progressed. In 1928 the Press's imprint read 'London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Leipzig, Toronto, Melbourne, Cape Town, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras and Shanghai'. Not all of these were full-fledged branches: in Leipzig there was a depot run by H. Bohun Beet, and In Canada and Australia there were small, functional depots in the cities and an army of educational representatives penetrating the rural fastnesses to sell the Press's stock as well as books published by firms whose agencies were held by the Press, very often including fiction and light reading. In India, the Branch depots in Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta were imposing establishments with sizable stock inventories, for the Presidencies themselves were large markets, and the educational representatives there dealt mostly with upcountry trade. The Depression of 1929 dried profits from the Americas to a trickle, and India became 'the one bright spot' in an otherwise dismal picture. Bombay was the nodal point for distribution to the Africas and onward sale to Australasia, and people who trained at the three major depots moved later on to pioneer branches in Africa and South East Asia. The Press has evolved since then to be one of the largest players in a globally expanding scholarly and reference book market.

Development of overseas trade
When OUP arrived on Indian shores, it was preceded by the immense prestige of the Sacred Books of the East, edited by Friedrich Max Müller, which had at last reached completion in 50 ponderous volumes. While actual purchase of this series was beyond most Indians, libraries usually had a set, generously provided by the government of India, available on open reference shelves, and the books had been widely discussed in the Indian media. Although there had been plenty of criticism of them, the general feeling was that Max Müller had done India a favour by popularising ancient Asian (Persian, Arabic, Indian and Sinic) philosophy in the West. In Madras, there was never a formal branch in the same sense as Bombay and Calcutta, as the management of the depot there seems to have rested in the hands of two local academics.

The Indian branch
OUP's interaction with this area was part of their mission to India, since many of their travellers took in East and South East Asia on their way out to or back from India. Graydon on his first trip in 1907 had travelled the 'Straits Settlements' (largely the Federated Malay States and Singapore), China, and Japan, but was not able to do much. In 1909 A. H. Cobb visited teachers and booksellers in Shanghai, and found that the main competition there was cheap books from America, often straight reprints of British books.
Japan was a much less well-known market to OUP, and a small volume of trade was carried out largely through intermediaries. The Maruzen company was by far the largest customer, and had a special arrangement regarding terms. Other business was routed through H.L. Griffiths, a professional publishers' representative based in Sannomiya, Kobe. Griffiths travelled for the Press to major Japanese schools and bookshops and took a 10 percent commission. Edmund Blunden had been briefly at the University of Tokyo and put the Press in touch with the University booksellers, Fukumoto Stroin.
One important acquisition did come from Japan, however: A. S. Hornby's Advanced Learner's Dictionary.

East and South East Asia
The North American branch was established in 1896 at 91 Fifth Avenue in New York City to facilitate the sale of Oxford Bibles in the United States. Subsequently, it took over marketing of all books of its parent from Macmillan. This office grew in sales between 1928 and 1936, eventually becoming one of the leading University Presses in the United States. It is focused on scholarly and referential books, Bibles, and college and medical textbooks. In the 1990s, this office moved from its original home to 198 Madison Avenue, which was the former B. Altman Company headquarters.

North America
In December 1909 Cobb returned and rendered his accounts for his Asia trip that year. Cobb then proposed to Milford that the Press join a combination of firms to send commercial travellers around South America, to which Milford in principle agreed. Cobb obtained the services of a man called Steer (first name unknown) to travel through Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Chile and possibly other countries as well, with Cobb to be responsible for Steer. Hodder & Stoughton opted out of this venture, but OUP went ahead and contributed to it.
Steer's trip was a disaster, and Milford remarked gloomily that it 'bid fair to be the most costly and least productive on record' of all traveller's trips. Steer returned before he had covered more than half of his itinerary, and on returning failed to have his customs payments refunded, with the result that a hefty sum of £210 was lost to the Press. The Press was obliged to disburse 80 percent of the value of the books he had carried as 'incidental expenses', so even if they had got substantial orders they would still have made a loss. Few orders did in fact come out of the trip, and when Steer's box of samples returned, the London office found that they had not been opened further down than the second layer.

South America
Some trade with East Africa passed through Bombay.

Africa

Important series and titles

Oxford English Dictionary
Concise Oxford English Dictionary
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
Advanced Learner's Dictionary Dictionaries

The Religious Books of the Sikhs
Sacred Books of the East
Rulers of India
The Early History of India Indology

Scriptorum Classicorum Bibliotheca Oxoniensis, also know as the Oxford Classical Texts (Greek and Roman) classics

Oxford History of England
Oxford History of Islam History
OUP has also been a major publisher of academic journals, both in the sciences and the humanities. It has been noted as one of the first university presses to publish an open access journal (Nucleic Acids Research), and probably the first to introduce Hybrid open access journals.

Scholarly journals
Printer to the University Horace Hart. It has lent its name to the Oxford comma.

OUP's contribution to typography and presswork
Since 2001, Oxford University Press has financially supported the Clarendon Bursaries, which are graduate scholarships open to Oxford University students liable to pay tuition fees at the overseas rate. About 100 awards are made annually.

Clarendon Bursaries

Bibliography

Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford

The Roman-Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between the Greco-Roman world and two successive dynasties of the Persian Empire that began as a war between the late Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire in 92 BC before being carried over to the Roman Empire and Sassanid Persia. The long running contest finally ending as a conflict between the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Dynasty in 627 AD.

Origins
The first military confrontation came in 66/65 BC, during Pompey's campaign in Armenia, when he rejected a Parthian proposal to establish the frontier between the two empires on the Euphrates. The Parthians occupied Corduene, until then part of Armenia, but were expelled by the Romans. More serious warfare began in 53 BC, when Crassus led an invasion of Mesopotamia, with catastrophic results. At the Battle of Carrhae, Crassus was defeated by the Parthians under the Surena. Crassus was killed, his command mostly annihilated, and the rest captured resulting in the worst Roman defeat since the Battle of Cannae. The Parthians retaliated the following year with raids into Syria, and in 51 BC mounted a major invasion led by the crown prince Pacorus and the general Osaces, but their army was decisively defeated near Antioch by the Romans under Cassius and Osaces was killed. During Caesar's civil war the Parthians briefly intervened in Syria in support of the opponents of Julius Caesar, relieving the besieged Pompeian garrison of Apamea before withdrawing. WIth the civil war over, Caesar planned Eastern operations larger in scope than Crassus, but was assassinated before his plans could come to fruition. During the ensuing Liberators' civil war, the Parthians actively supported Brutus and Cassius, sending a contingent which fought with them at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC. After that defeat, the Parthians under Pacorus invaded Roman territory in 40 BC in conjunction with Quintus Labienus, a Roman erstwhile supporter of Brutus and Cassius. They swiftly overran Syria, where most of the cities welcomed them. Pacorus then advanced into Judaea, overthrowing the Roman client Hyrcanus II and installing his nephew Antigonus in his place. Meanwhile Labienus had invaded Anatolia, but he was driven back to Syria by Roman forces under Ventidius; reinforced by the Parthians, Labienus was nevertheless defeated and killed. After suffering a further defeat near the Syrian Gates, the Parthians withdrew from Syria. They returned in 38 BC, but were decisively defeated by Ventidius and Pacorus was killed. With Roman control of Syria and Judaea restored, Mark Antony led a huge army into Azerbaijan but failed to make progress and the Romans withdrew with heavy casualties.

Roman Republic vs Parthia
After Antony's campaign, peace between the empires was largely uninterrupted until 59 AD, when the Romans invaded Armenia after the Parthian king Vologases I forcibly installed his brother Tiridates on the throne there. Roman forces under Corbulo overthrew Tiridates and replaced him with a Cappadocian prince. This prompted Parthian retaliation and an inconclusive series of campaigns in Armenia ensued. The war came to an end in 64 when the Romans agreed to allow Tiridates and his descendants to rule Armenia on condition that they received the kingship from the Roman emperor. A new series of wars began in the second century AD, during which the Romans consistently held the upper hand over Parthia. In 114 the Roman Emperor Trajan invaded Armenia and annexed it as a Roman province. In 115 he ovverran northern Mesopotamia and in 116 he captured the Parthian capital Ctesiphon before sailing downriver to the Persian Gulf. However, in that year revolts erupted in the occupied territory, while a major Jewish revolt broke out in Roman territory, severely stretching Roman military resources. Trajan subdued the rebels in Mesopotamia, but having installed the Parthian prince Parthamaspates on the throne there as a client ruler he withdrew his armies, and his remaining conquests were abandoned by his successor Hadrian. In 161 another war broke out over Armenia; Vologases IV of Parthia defeated the Romans there and ravaged Syria. In 163 a Roman counter-attack under Statius Priscus installed a favoured candidate on the throne of Armenia, and in 164 Avidius Cassius began an invasion of Mesopotamia, sacking Seleucia and Ctesiphon in the following year. An epidemic, possibly of smallpox, which was sweeping Parthia at the time now spread to the Roman army, leading to their withdrawal. In 195 another Roman invasion of Mesopotamia began under the Emperor Septimius Severus, who returned and sacked Ctesiphon yet again in 197. These wars led to the Roman acquisition of northern Mesopotamia, as far as the areas around Nisibis and Singara. A final war against the Parthians was launched by the Emperor Caracalla, who sacked Arbela in 216, but after his assassination his successor Macrinus was defeated by the Parthians near Nisibis and was obliged to make a payment in exchange for peace.

Roman Empire vs Parthia
When the Parthian Empire was overthrown, there was no reduction in the conflict since the Sassanids were even more aggressive and stronger than their predecessors due to their more centralized state. Conflict with Rome began shortly after the foundation of the Sassanid Empire by Ardashir I (226–241), who raided in Mesopotamia and Syria in 230. A Roman counter-offensive in 230 under Alexander Severus (222–235) met with mixed fortunes, winning a number of engagements in north-western Iran while another army was defeated on the Euphrates. The struggle resumed and intensified under Ardashir's successor Shapur I (241–272). He invaded Mesopotamia but his forces were expelled from Roman territory after their defeat in the Battle of Resaena in 243. Encouraged by this success, the Emperor Gordian III advanced down the Euphrates but was defeated near Ctesiphon in the Battle of Misiche in 244. Responding to Roman incursions into Armenia, Shapur I resumed hostilities and defeated the Romans at the Battle of Barbalissos in 253 allowing him to take and plunder Antioch. In 259 he captured the Emperor Valerian I after crushing his army in the Battle of Edessa, but his subsequent advance into Anatolia ended in defeat and the loss of all his territorial gains. In 283 the Emperor Carus launched a successful invasion of Persia, sacking its capital, Ctesiphon. In 296 the Persian Shah Narseh defeated the Emperor Galerius in Mesopotamia, but in 298 Galerius defeated Narseh in Armenia, capturing his harem and forcing the Persians to cede five provinces east of the Tigris. From 336 the Persians under Shapur II mounted a series of offensives against the Romans under Constantius II, with little lasting effect. After a period of truce in the 350s while Shapur repulsed nomad attacks on his Central Asian frontier, he launched a new campaign in 359 which was more successful and provoked a major offensive in 363 by the Roman Emperor Julian. Despite victory in the Battle of Ctesiphon, Julian was unable to take the Persian capital and he was killed the same year during a difficult retreat along the Tigris. His successor Jovian was forced to hand over Nisibis, Singara and the territories taken in 298 in exchange for safe passage for his army back to Roman territory. With both empires preoccupied by barbarian threats from the north, a largely peaceful period followed, interrupted only by two brief wars in 421-2 and 440.

Roman Empire vs Sassanid Empire
When Anastasius I refused Kavadh I's demand for money to pay his debts to the Hephthalites who had helped him regain his throne, Kavadh used this as a pretext for war. In 502 he quickly captured the unprepared city of Theodosiopolis, but it was soon retaken by the Romans; Kavadh then besieged the fortress-city of Amida through the autumn and winter. In early 503, Amida finally fell and the year saw much warfare without decisive results. The Romans attempted an ultimately unsuccessful siege of the Persian-held Amida while Kavadh laid siege to Edessa with the same results. Finally in 504, the Romans gained the upper hand with the renewed investment of Amida leading to the hand-over of the city. That year an armisitice was agreed as a result of an invasion of Armenia by the Huns from the Caucasus. In late 506, a treaty was finally agreed, with the Romans paying subsidies to the Persians for the maintenance of fortifications in the Caucasus against the nomads who threatened the security of both empres. The Roman generals blamed many of their difficulties in this war on their lack of a major base in the immediate vicinity of the frontier, a role filled for the Persians by Nisibis (which until its cession in 363 had served the same purpose for the Romans), and in 505 Anastasius therefore ordered the building of a great fortified city at Dara. This was to become a key component of the Roman defences, and also a lasting source of controversy with the Persians, who complained that its construction violated earlier "arms limitation" pacts by which both empires had agreed not to establish new fortifications in the frontier zone.

Anastasian War

Main article: Iberian War Iberian War
The successful campaigns of Belisarius in the west encouraged the Persians to return to war, both taking advantage of Roman preoccupation elsewhere and seeking to check the expansion of Roman territory and resources. In 539 the resumption of hostilities was foreshadowed by a Lakhmid raid led by al-Mundhir IV, which was defeated by the Ghassanids under al-Harith ibn Jabalah. In 540, the Persians broke the Treaty Of Eternal Peace and Khosrau II invaded Syria, destroying the great city of Antioch and deporting its population to Persia; as he withdrew, he extorted large sums of money from the cities of Syria and Mesopotamia. Belisarius was quickly recalled by Justinian I to the East to deal with the Persian threat, while the Goths in Italy, who were in touch with the Persian King, launched a counter-attack. Belisarius took the field and waged an inconclusive campaign against Nisibis in 541. In the same year Lazica switched its allegiance to Persia and Khosrau led an army to secure the kingdom. In 542 Khosrau launched another offensive in Mesopotamia, but soon withdrew in the face of an army under Belisarius, en route sacking the city of Callinicum. Attacks on a number of Roman cities were repulsed and the Persian general Mihr-Mihroe was defeated and captured at Dara by John Troglita. Roman commanders then launched an offensive against Dvin in Armenia, but were defeated by a small Persian force at Anglon. In 543 Khosrau besieged Edessa without success and was eventually bought off by the defenders. A five-year truce was agreed in 545, secured by Roman payments to the Persians.

Lazic War

Main article: Roman-Persian War of 572-591 The climax
The devastating impact of this last war, added to the cumulative effects of a century of almost continuous conflict, left both empires crippled. When Kavadh II died only months after coming to the throne, Persia was plunged into several years of dynastic turmoil and civil war. The Sassanids were further weakened by economic decline, heavy taxation from Khosrau II's campaigns, religious unrest, and the increasing power of the provincial landholders. The Roman Empire was even more severely affected, with its financial reserves exhausted by the war, the Balkans now largely in the hands of the Slavs, Anatolia devastated by repeated Persian invasions and the empire's hold on its recently regained territories in the Caucasus, Syria, Mesopotamia, Palestine and Egypt loosened by many years of Persian occupation. Neither empire was given any chance to recover, as within a few years they were struck by the onslaught of the Arabs, newly united by Islam. The Sassanid Empire rapidly succumbed to these attacks and was completely destroyed. During the Byzantine-Arab Wars, the exhausted Roman Empire's recently regained southern provinces were also lost during the Muslim conquest of Syria, Egypt and North Africa, reducing the empire to a territorial rump consisting of Anatolia and a scatter of islands and footholds in the Balkans and Italy. These remaining lands were thoroughly impoverished by frequent attacks, marking the transition from classical urban civilisation to a more rural, medieval form of society. However, unlike Persia the Roman Empire (in its medieval form usually termed the Byzantine Empire) ultimately survived the Arab assault, holding onto its residual territories and decisively repulsing two Arab sieges of its capital Constantinople in 674-678 and 717-718.

Ely (Welsh Trelai tref town + Elai River Ely) is a suburb primarily dominated by council housing in western Cardiff, Wales.

History
Cowbridge Road West is the predominant road running through Ely as it runs on to Canton and Cardiff city centre to the east, and to the Culverhouse Cross interchange to the west. The parallel Grand Avenue links Cowbridge Road West to the northern estates of Ely. Ely features several shopping parades, notably on Wilson Road as well as Grand Avenue.
Not being on Cardiff's rail network, Ely is served by Cardiff Bus services 17 and 18, using articulated buses which operate every 10 minutes from Central Station via Canton and Caerau. North Ely is also served by services 12/A and 13/A which terminate at Culverhouse Cross / The Drope.

Transport
There are numerous pubs in the Ely area.

Famous people from Ely
The electoral ward of Ely falls within the parliamentary constituency of Cardiff West. It is bounded by Fairwater and Gabalfa to the northwest; Caerau to the south; and the Vale of Glamorgan to the southwest.