Helene Kröller-Müller (February 11, 1869 – December 14, 1939) was one of the first European women to put together a major art collection.
She was born Helene Emma Laura Juliane Müller into a wealthy industrialist family in Germany. She married a Dutchman named Anton Kröller in 1888 and used both surnames in accordance with Dutch tradition.
Helene Kröller-Müller was an avid art collector, and one of the first people to recognise the genius of Vincent van Gogh. She also collected works by other modern artists.
In 1935, she donated to the Dutch people her entire collection totalling approximately 12,000 objects. Held in the care of the Dutch government, the Kröller-Müller Museum was opened in 1938 near the town of Otterlo in the Netherlands.

1,146,250 (1.5% of the Philippine population) 
elsewhere
A Chinese Filipino (Simplified Chinese: 华菲; Traditional Chinese: 華菲; Pinyin: Huáfēi; Hokkien: Huâ-hui; Cantonese: Wàhfèi; Tagalog/Filipino: "Tsinoy" (pronounced: /ʧɪnɔj/) derived from two words: "Tsino" (meaning "Chinese") and "Pinoy" (the slang word for "Filipino") is a person of Chinese ancestry but raised in the Philippines.

Use of the term Chinese Filipino
Both the Chinese Filipinos and the Filipinos alike espouse different terminologies to refer to the former.
There's a distinction between the following as well: 華人，華僑，華裔，華菲。
"Filipino Chinese" (Traditional Chinese: 菲律賓華僑; Hanyu Pinyin: Fēilǜbīn Huáqíao; Hokkien: Hui-lu̍t-pin Huâ-kiâo; Cantonese: Fèileuhtbàn Wàhkìuh) is a deprecated term.

Of pure Chinese descent: Chinese (English), Tsino/Chino (Filipino, Spanish), Intsik (Filipino), and Lan-lang (Chinese Minnan Dialect)
Of mixed Chinese and Filipino descent: Filipino Chinese/Chinese Filipino/Philippine Chinese (Eng.), Tsinoy/Chinoy (Fil., Sp.), Mistisong Intsik (Fil.), and Chhut-si-ia (Chi. Minnan) (The term Sangley was also used during the Spanish Colonial Period to refer to people of mixed Chinese and Filipino blood, but it is now out of date in terms of usage).
Of mixed Chinese and Spanish descent: Tornatras (Eng., Fil., Sp.; archaic)
華人 -- Huárén -- Chinese, of pure Chinese descent and nationality
華僑 -- Huáqiáo -- Overseas Chinese, usually China-born Chinese who have immigrated elsewhere
華裔 -- Huáyì -- People of Chinese ancestry, born, living and has citizenship of another country
華菲 -- Huáfēi -- Chinese Filipino Terminology
The Chinese Filipinos have always been one of the largest Filipino ethnic groups, making up about 11.5% (9.8 million) of the country's total population.

Overview
Most Chinese in the Philippines belong to either the Fujianese or Cantonese dialect groups of the Han nationality. 98.5% of all unmixed Chinese in the Philippines came from the province of Fujian in China and are thus called Fujianese, or Hoklo. They speak the Lan-nang (Philippine) variant of the Minnan language, which is further subdivided into several dialects. The most common Minnan (Southern Fujianese) dialect in the Philippines is the Amoy dialect, which is mutually intelligible with the Chuanchew dialect, another common dialect in the Philippines. The remaining 1.5% of the unmixed Chinese in the Philippines are mostly of Cantonese origin, with notably large circles of descendants from the Taishan city. They speak the Cantonese dialect group/language, although many are raised to speak only the Minnan dialect. Most are not as economically prosperous as their Fujianese cousins in Philippine society. Some ghettoes of the Cantonese people are found in Santa Mesa, Manila and in Tondo. There are also a minority of Cantonese who have Portuguese ancestry - they are called Macanese. Unmixed Chinese who are of both Fujianese and Cantonese parentage are classified simply as Cantonese. Other non-resident Chinese in the Philippines, such as expatriates and envoys are of Mandarin, Shanghainese, and Hunanese origin.

Ethnicity
See also: Mestizos in the Philippines.
Chinese mestizos are those in the Philippines of mixed Chinese and either Filipino or Spanish (or both) ancestry. They make up about 11.5% of the country's total population (those who are pure Chinese make up 2% of the population). A number of Chinese mestizos have surnames that reflect their heritage, mostly two or three syllables that have Chinese roots (e.g., the full name of a Chinese ancestor) with a Spanish phonetic spelling. The Chinese mestizos may also be known as Tsinoys (alternatively spelled as "Chinoy"), although this term may also refer to the full-blooded Chinese Filipinos; and/or Chinito, a term that largely denotes physical characteristics (referring to slanted eyes) rather than ethnic/cultural.
Starting from the Spanish period, the mestizos have been afforded several opportunities that the full-blooded Chinese or the native Filipinos do not have access to. Historically, the mestizos have been economically more successful than the local population. Even to this day, a large percentage of land or plantation owners in the Philippines are the Chinese mestizos. Due to their fairer complexion, which is a coveted attribute among Filipinos even to this day; a sizeable number of people in the film industry are Chinese or Spanish-Chinese mestizos.

Mestizos

Culture
As many as 98.5% of the Chinese in the Philippines trace their ancestry to the southern part of Fujian province. The Lan-nang variant of Min Nan, also locally known as Fukien or Lán-lâng-oē (咱人話; "our people's language"), is the lingua franca of the Chinese-Filipino community. Most of the other 10% are descendants of migrants from Guangdong, Hong Kong, or Taiwan. The other Chinese dialects that can be heard in the Chinese-Filipino communities are Mandarin Chinese (which is taught in Chinese schools in the Philippines and spoken in varying degrees of fluency by Chinese Filipinos), Taiwanese (which is mutually intelligible with the Chuanchew and Amoy dialects), and Cantonese.
The vast majority of the Chinese in the Philippines, however, are fluent in English as well as Tagalog, and for those residing outside of Metro Manila, the local language of the region, like Ilokano, Cebuano (Cebu, Davao, Iligan, and Zamboanga), and Chabacano.
Mandarin Chinese used to be the medium of instruction in Chinese schools prior to the Filipinization policy of Former President Ferdinand Marcos. Partly as a result of Marcos' measures, Tagalog and English are gradually supplanting Chinese (Minnan and Mandarin) as the preferred medium of communication among the younger generation.

Language
The Chinese in the Philippines are mostly business owners and their life centers mostly in the family business. These mostly small and medium enterprises play a significant role in the Philippine economy. A handful of these entrepreneurs run large companies and are respected as some of the most prominent business tycoons in the Philippines. Chinese Filipinos attribute their success in business to frugality and hard work, and entrepreneurship is highly valued and encouraged among the young.
Most Chinese Filipinos are urban dwellers. An estimated 60% of the Chinese Filipinos live within Metro Manila, with the rest in the other larger cities of the Philippines. In contrast with the Chinese mestizos, few Chinese are plantation owners. This is partly due to the fact that until recently when the Chinese Filipinos became Filipino citizens, the law prohibited the Chinese from owning land.
As with other Southeast Asian nations, the Chinese community in the Philippines has become a repository of traditional Chinese culture. Whereas in Mainland China many cultural traditions and customs have been suppressed by the Cultural Revolution or simply regarded as old-fashioned and obsolete, these traditions have remained largely untouched in the Philippines. Many new cultural twists have evolved within the Chinese community in the Philippines, distinguishing it from other overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia. These cultural variations are highly evident during festivals such as Chinese New Year, Chap Goh Mei (pronounced as Tzap), and Ching Ming Festival. The Chinese Filipinos have developed unique funerary and wedding customs as well.

Religion
Most of the Chinese Filipinos today have Chinese surnames, the most common of which are Tan (陳), Ong (王), Lim (林), Go/Ngo (吳), Ng/Uy (黃), Chua (蔡), and Lee/Dy（李), though there are also some who have inherited or chosen Filipino or Spanish surnames, like Gatchalian, Chavez, and Ramos, among such others.
Chinese Filipinos as well as Chinese mestizos who trace their roots back to Chinese immigrants to the Philippines during the Spanish colonization usually have Chinese-sounding surnames that have Hispanicized spellings, such as Lacson, Biazon, Tuazon, Ongpin, Yuchengco, Quebengco, Cojuangco, Yupangco, and Tanbengco, among such others. Many Chinese mestizos (as well as Spanish-Chinese and Tornatras) have also either inherited or took on Spanish or Filipino surnames, like Bautista, Madrigal, or Santos.

Surnames
Presence of peoples from the Chinese mainland in the Philippines have been evident since during the Ice Age, when a land bridge enabled many people from southern China to settle in the Philippines. But they are not to be confused for the later Sinitic-speaking peoples (ethnic Chinese) who came long after the land bridge subsided. These ethnic Chinese sailed down and frequently interacted with the local natives, and this is evidenced by a collection of priceless Chinese artifacts found in the Philippines, dating back right up to the 10th century. Prehistoric evidences attest to the fact that many datus and rajahs (native rulers) in the Philippines were of mixed Filipino and Chinese ancestry. They formed the group which is to be called principalia during the Spanish period, and are given privileges by the Spanish colonial government.
The arrival of the Spaniards to the Philippines attracted many male Chinese traders from China, and maritime trade flourished during the Spanish occupation. The Spanish era restricted the activities of the Chinese. With low chances of employment and prohibited from owning land, most of them engage in trading and other businesses. Many of the Chinese who arrived during the Spanish period were Cantonese, who worked as stevedores and porters, but there were also Fujianese, who entered retail trade. Most of the Chinese who came to the Philippines intermarried with Filipinos or Spaniards. The children of unions between Filipinos and Chinese are called Chinese mestizos, while those between Spaniards and Chinese are called Tornatras and are classified as Spanish mestizos, together with the Spanish-Filipinos. The Chinese revolted three times, against Spanish rule, but their revolts were quickly put down by joint forces of the Filipinos, Mexicans, and the Spaniards. There were three genocides conducted by the Spaniards against the Chinese, two of which have been successful.
During the American colonization, the Chinese Exclusion Act in the United States was also put into act in the Philippines. Nevertheless, the Chinese were able to settle in the Philippines, despite strict American law enforcement. During World War II, the Japanese massacred many unmixed Chinese. Following World War II and the fall of the Chinese mainland to communism, many Chinese moved from Fujian province in China to the Philippines,. This group formed the bulk of the current population of Chinese Filipinos.
After independence, successive Philippine presidents have had ambivalent attitudes about the Chinese Filipinos. Presidents Ramon Magsaysay and Carlos Garcia promoted the Filipino First policies, and put in tough government directives to hinder the ownership of businesses by Chinese Filipinos who are still citizens of the people's Republic of China.
During the Martial Law, Chinese language schools were ordered closed or else to limit the time alloted for Chinese language, history, and culture subjects from 4 hours to 2 hours, and instead devote them to the study of Filipino languages and culture. This method of teaching persists to this very day. Marcos' policy eventually led to the formal assimilation of the Chinese Filipinos into mainstream Filipino society. Following people's Power Revolution (EDSA 1), the Chinese Filipinos quickly gained national spotlight as Cory Aquino, a Chinese mestiza, eventually became president. She encouraged free press and cultural harmony, a process which led to the burgeoning of the Chinese language media. Mild racist riots occurred during 1992. when several Filipinos, led by Armando Ducat, Jr., a businessman, campaigned for 'kicking-out the [Chinese-Filipinos] instead of the Americans', referring to the formal closure of the American military bases in the Philippines, and during 1998, when a Chinese mestizo, Senator Fred Lim, entered the candidacy for president.

History
Most of the Chinese Filipinos are descendants of Chinese who migrated three or four generations ago. In the cases of some Chinese mestizos, this can be as far back as five, six, or up to eight generations ago. Unlike in Malaysia and Indonesia where intermarriage is uncommon and people can generally be classified ethnically just by physical appearance, the Philippine definition of who is Chinese Filipino and who is Chinese mestizo can be based on one's cultural beliefs. A full-blooded Chinese who can no longer speak Chinese and no longer practice Chinese culture or beliefs is more often than not identified as a Chinese mestizo. By the same token, a Chinese mestizo who still speaks fluent Chinese and practices Chinese culture might be reintegrated into the Chinese-Filipino culture. As "mestizo" often evokes a person of higher social strata, there is also a tendency to not identify those in the lower class as "mestizo" even if they are in fact of mixed descent.
As of the present day, due to rapid Westernization in the Philippines, there has been a marked tendency to acculturate to Western values. The younger Chinese Filipinos are gradually shifting to English as their preferred language, thus identifying more to the Chinese mestizo culture. Some Chinese mestizos tend also to reintegrate into the Filipino or sometimes Chinese societies. Although at a slower pace than Thailand, assimilation is gradually taking place in the Philippines but integration without losing Chinese culture is advantageous for the Philippines and for the Chinese Filipino ethnic group.
The Chinese in the Philippines cannot be simplistically classified. But generally, some observers claim they can be classified into three types, based on when their ancestors first migrated. Most of the Chinese mestizos, especially the landed gentry trace their ancestry to the Spanish era. They are the "First Chinese," whose descendants nowadays are mostly either the Chinese mestizos or have integrated into the local population. The largest group of Chinese Filipinos in the Philippines are the "Second Chinese," who are descendants of migrants in the first half of the 20th century, between the Manchu revolution in China and the Chinese Civil War. This group accounts for most of the "full-blooded" Chinese. The "Third Chinese" are the recent immigrants from mainland China, after the Chinese economic reform of the 1980s. Generally, the "Third Chinese" are the most entrepreneurial and had not totally lost their Chinese cultural heritage in its purest form and therefore are paradoxically misunderstood or feared by the "Second Chinese" and "First Chinese," most of whom have lost their entrepreneurial drive and have adopted much of the laid-back Spanish cultural values of Philippine society.

List of Chinese-Filipinos with Fujian Chinese ancestry

Overseas Chinese
Chinese-Filipinos who migrated to Mexico during the Galleon trade
Tornatrás
Sangley
Xavier School

The Arkansas House of Representatives is the lower house of the Arkansas General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Arkansas. The House is composed of 100 members elected from an equal amount of constituencies across the state. Each district has an average population of 26,734 according to the 2000 federal census. Members are elected to two-year term, and since the 1993 Amendment 73 to the Arkansas Constitution, limited to three terms (six years).
The House of Representatives meet at the State Capitol in Little Rock.

Leadership of the House

Current composition

Arkansas State Capitol
Arkansas General Assembly
Arkansas Senate

Humour or humor is the ability or quality of people, objects, or situations to evoke feelings of amusement in other people. The term encompasses a form of entertainment or human communication which evokes such feelings, or which makes people laugh or feel happy. The origin of the term derives from the humoral medicine of the ancient Greeks, which stated that a mix of fluids known as humours (Greek: χυμός, chymos, literally: juice or sap, metaphorically: flavour) controlled human health and emotion.
A sense of humour is the ability to experience humour, a quality which all people share, although the extent to which an individual will personally find something humorous depends on a host of absolute and relative variables, including geographical location, culture, maturity, level of education, and context. For example, young children (of any background) may possibly favour slapstick, such as Punch and Judy puppet shows or cartoons e.g. Tom and Jerry. Satire may rely more on understanding the target of the humour, and thus tends to appeal to more mature audiences.

Styles of humour

Black comedy
Caustic humour
Droll humour
Deadpan
Non-sequitur
Obscenity
Parody
Mockery, such as the Darwin Awards
Sarcasm
Satire
Self-irony / Self-deprecation
Wit, as in many one-liner jokes
Meta-humour
Abuse
Demented
Racial Verbal

Anti-humour
Deadpan
Form-versus-content humour
Slapstick
Surreal humour or absurdity
Practical joke: luring someone into a humorous position or situation and then laughing at their expense Non-verbal
Humour is a branch of rhetoric, there are about 200 tropes that can be used to make jokes.

Techniques for composing humour

Figure of speech

• Humorous triple and paraprosdokian
  Enthymeme
  Syllepsis (zeugma)
  Hyperbole
  Understatement
  Inherently funny words with sounds that make them amusing in the language of delivery
  Irony, where a statement or situation implies both a superficial and a concealed meaning which are at odds with each other.
  Joke
  
  
  
  • Adages, often in the form of paradox "laws" of nature, such as Murphy's law or lemon law
    Stereotyping, such as blonde jokes, lawyer jokes, racial jokes, viola jokes.
    Sick Jokes, arousing humour through grotesque, violent or exceptionally cruel scenarios. Soldiers in the field of battle often use 'trench humour' to keep morale up in appalling circumstances.
    Riddle
    Word play
    
    
    
    • Oxymoron
      Pun Verbal
      
      Bathos
      
      
      
      • Exaggerated or unexpected gestures and movements
        Character driven, deriving humour from the way characters act in specific situations, without punchlines. Exemplified by The Larry Sanders Show and Curb Your Enthusiasm.
        Clash of context humour, such "fish out of water"
        Comic sounds
        Deliberate ambiguity and confusion with reality, often performed by Andy Kaufman
        Unintentional humour, that is, making people laugh without intending to (as with Ed Wood's Plan 9 From Outer Space)
        Funny pictures: Photos or drawings/caricatures that are intentionally or unintentionally humorous.
        Sight gags
        Visual humour: Similar to the sight gag, but encompassing narrative in theatre or comics, or on film or video. Non-verbal
        Some claim that humour cannot or should not be explained. Author E. B. White once said that "Humour can be dissected as a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind." However, attempts to do just that have been made.
        The term "humour" as formerly applied in comedy, referred to the interpretation of the sublime and the ridiculous. In this context, humour is often a subjective experience as it depends on a special mood or perspective from its audience to be effective. Arthur Schopenhauer lamented the misuse of the term (the German loanword from English) to mean any type of comedy.
        Language is an approximation of thoughts through symbolic manipulation, and the gap between the expectations inherent in those symbols and the breaking of those expectations leads to emotions such as laughter., using inspiration from Koestler as well as from Dedre Gentner´s theory of structure-mapping, George Lakoff´s and Mark Johnson´s theory of conceptual metaphor and Mark Turner´s and Gilles Fauconnier´s theory of conceptual blending.
        
        Evolution of humor
        Sight gags and language-based humor activate the two regions in the human brain known to have von Economo neurons, a specialization in neuron form that has evolved in the last 15 million years. This suggests that humor may have coevolved with the ability of great apes and humans to navigate through a shifting and complex social space.
        
        Evolution and humor
        Root components:
        Methods:
        Rowan Atkinson explains in his lecture in the documentary Funny Business"..
        
        some surprise/misdirection, contradiction, ambiguity or paradox.
        appealing to feelings or to emotions.
        similar to reality, but not real
        metaphor
        hyperbole
        reframing
        timing
        By being in an unusual place
        By behaving in an unusual way
        By being the wrong size See also
        
        

This page relates to the Kannada actor, Dr. Rajkumar; for other uses of the name see Raj Kumar.
Dr. Rajkumar (Kannada:ಡಾ. ರಾಜ್‌ಕುಮಾರ್‌, Real Name: Singanalluru Puttaswamayya Muthuraju Kannada:ಸಿಂಗನಲ್ಲೂರು ಪುಟ್ಟಸ್ವಾಮಯ್ಯ ಮುತ್ತುರಾಜು, April 24, 1929—April 12, 2006) was the most popular actor in Kannada film industry. He was an icon in Karnataka and seen as a role model to millions of Kannadigas.
"Dr. Raj" or "Natasarvabhouma" or "Annavru" (Big Brother) to millions of his fans, he was also called as the John Wayne of South Indian cinema.

Early life
Rajkumar started his career as a theater artist with his father in a troupe led by the legendary Gubbi Veeranna. It was here that Rajkumar honed his acting and singing skills.
Bedara Kannapa, in 1954, marked his entry into the film world. This movie was directed by H L N Simha who also christened him Rajkumar. Rajkumar would use the same name for the rest of his life. He later forayed into film production with the hugely popular Ranadheera Kanteerava which he produced with the other legend of Kannada cinema, Balakrishna. This movie which was made exclusively with technicians from Karnataka also marked the beginning of full fledged film making in Karnataka.
Dr. Rajkumar was also one of the most versatile actors in Indian cinema. His character depictions ranged from comedy to action, from lover to double/triple roles, from mythological characters to portrayal of modern day social causes. He acted with the most popular heroines in southern Indian cinema, such as Kannada's Pandaribai, Leelavathi, Jayanti, Bharati, Arati, Jayaprada, Madhavi, Geetha, Sarita and others from neighbouring states. He acted with many directors of the south Indian cinema from B.R. Pantulu, Puttanna Kanagal to Shankar Nag and Nagabharana. He was known for only acting in Kannada movies, even though he got many offers from different movie industries in India. Actors who have acted with him considered it an achievement of their lifetime. Prithviraj Kapoor acted in the movie Saakshatkara in the role of Dr. Rajkumar's father.
In his lifetime, Dr. Rajkumar acted in 206 Kannada movies, excluding guest appearances. He owned a film production company called Vajreshwari Production, which produced films under the banner of Dakshayani Combines. Bhagyada Bagilu was his 100th movie and Devatha Manushya was his 200th movie.
Two of his most famous performances were in his own productions: Kaviratna Kalidasa and Shankar-Guru. He produced movies based on famous Kannada novels. He was ably supported by his friend and script writer Chi. Udayashankar. He signed films only after consultation with his brother, S.P. Varadaraju. He chose stories that usually had a social message for the audience. He also made many movies against social evils. One such movie is Shabdavedi which is against the evil of drugs.
He never smoked a cigar/cigarette or acted as an alcoholic in any of his movies (excepting a few in the early days of his career). In real life too, he was a non-smoker and non-alcoholic and maintained a very high standard of living, performing daily Yogasanas and following a strict diet.
Though he had numerous chances to try his hand at Indian politics owing to his mass following, he shied away from active politics focusing his energy toward art and cinema. His last movie was Shabdavedi, in which Jayaprada played the female lead.

Film career
Almost all his films are a super hit. some of the most memorable films include Adhe Kannu, Na Nilla Mareyalre, Hosa Belakhu, Thayige Takka Maga,Shravana Banthu,Bedara Kannappa, Bangarada Manushya, Kastoori Nivasa, Sri Krishnadevaraya, Kula Gowrava, Gandhada Gudi, Sampathige Sawal, Shankar-Guru, Babruvahana, Bhakta Prahalada, Halu Jenu, Bhagyada Lakshmi Baramma, Jeevana Chaitra, Akasmika, Premada Kanike, Vasantha Geetha, Apoorva Sangama, Daari Tappida Maga, Badavara Bandhu, Yeradu Kanasu, Mayura, Bangaradha Panjara, Havina Hede, Anuraga Aralithu, Jedara Bale, Shruti Seridaga, "Sanaadi Apanna", "Babruvahana", "Chalisuva Modagalu", "Guri", "Parashuram", "Devathaa Manushya" (his 200th film), "Huliya Haalina Mevu", "Kavirathna Kalidasa" and many others.

Successful films
Dr. Rajkumar was also a well-known singer. He sang many devotional songs. He won the National Award for the song "Naadamaya" from the movie Jeevana Chaitra. He had trained in classical music while in Gubbi Veranna's drama troupe. At that time it was required for everyone to at least have a working knowledge of classical music. He had sung a song in the movie Mahishasura Mardini with G.K.Venkatesh as the music director. Rajkumar however, did not become a full fledged singer until his hugely popular song Yare Koogadali from the movie Sampathige Sawal. Prior to his singing in Sampathige Sawal, Rajkumar's songs were sung by Dr. P B Srinivas. He used to call PBS 'Shaareera' while he referred to himself as 'Shareera'. Raj had a good voice and all his songs are popular. He excelled in singing all types of songs from romantic to heavily classical. After Yare Koogadali he sang for most of his movies and for many private albums which were mainly devotional albums. His song renditions would range from pure classical to disco and fast numbers to pathos.
Although his singing was greatly appreciated, his fans of the days of black-and-white movies in 1960s and 1970s, swear by the fact that his true identity was P B Srinivas, who did the playback singing for most of Rajkumar's movies, until Rajkumar himself started to sing. PBS continued singing for him in many of the movies in which Rajkumar starred in double/triple roles.
In his final years, Rajkumar had lent his voice to a few other actors and sang many background solos. One such song which holds a unique distinction was for the movie Muddina Maava wherein he had provided playback to the legendary singer S.P.Balasubramaniyam, who had acted in the movie. This is probably a rare occasion where an actor sings for a singer, which is probably unmatched in the world of cinema. He had sung many devotional songs on Hanuman and Sri Raghavendra Swamiji. One of his most famous songs is "huTTidare kannaDa nADalli huTTa bEku".
Rajkumar's voice had the smoothness & depth comparable to PB Srinivos. His voice was capable of greater vivacity, noticeable in songs like Sigivem Kshanadali, Thai Thai Bangari, Naa Ninna Mareyalare, Le le Appana Magale and Aradhisuve.
The theatrical background he had since childhood really helped him in acting as well as singing. Adept at rendering his voice to different moods - romantic, sentimental, devotional and semi-classical, his songs about Kannada language and culture such as Jenina holeyo, Maanavanagi huttidmele and Huttidare are immensely popular. He even sang a complete English song in one of his bond films. Interestingly, he lent voice for SPB in Muddina Mava and comedian Narasimharaju in Devasundari.
Naadamaya, a classical song in Raga Thodi, which won him the national award for best playback singing proves his versatility as a singer with its complex graces as it progresses with other ragas. He switches between ragas with ease and sings Swara patterns just like a professional. Kalidasa's shlokas, songs which are based on ghazals like Sadaa Kannali, Kanneera Dhaare, Gelathi Baradu and Yaava Kaviyu have also been very melodious and popular. Besides films, he rendered his voice for many devotional songs.

Singing career
Rajkumar was a highly disciplined man. He would wake up and perform yoga and pranayama at 4am. He practiced Carnatic music for one hour each in the morning and in the evening. He never smoked or drank alcohol in real life and in movies. He never uttered swear words on screen. He was always punctual for any shooting and programmes. His dress code consisted of only white or ivory dhoti and white shirt, with sandals. He was always clean shaven. He spent most of his vacations at his native place, Gajanur, near the forest area where he was later kidnapped. During shooting he insisted that all the members of the unit have the same menu and food must be of high quality. He was been this way since his early career days.

Rajkumar's discipline
Very few people know about Rajkumar's charity work. Rajkumar never spoke about his charity and had supposedly requested the journalists not write about it. He is supposed to have donated the proceedings from his devotional albums to charity and to have built an ashram for young widows and orphan girls. He toured Karnataka extensively to send donations to Kargil war victims. He donated a lot of money in aid of eye donation camps and conducted many blood donation camp on the occasion of his birthday. He was an eye donor and as per his wish, his eyes were donated after his death .

Rajkumar's charity work
Rajkumar had a brother, S.P. Varadaraju, who worked with him in his production company. He had 2 sisters, Sharadamma and Nagamma.
He was married to Parvathamma, who later became a film producer. They had three sons, Shivaraj Kumar, Raghavendra Rajkumar and Puneet Rajkumar, and two daughters, Lakshmi and Poornima. He launched all his three sons as actors in Kannada films.

For the cause of Kannada
Rajkumar received numerous state, national and international awards. He received an honorary doctorate from Mysore University in 1976.
His fans have conferred him the title "Nata Saarvabhowma" (The Emperor of Acting).

He won 10 Filmfare awards for the best actor category — the second highest in the history of Indian films.
He won nine state awards in the best actor category. (State awards for films were started by the Karnataka government in 1967 when Rajkumar's career was half over. But still he managed to win the most awards in the Kannada film industry.)
He won a National award in best singer category.
He received the Padma Bhushan award from the Government of India in 1983 and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 1995, in recognition of his contributions to the Kannada film industry.
He was rewarded Karnataka Ratna in the year 1993 by the Government of Karnataka.
In 1985, Rajkumar won the prestigious Kentucky Colonel award presented in Bangalore by the then-governor of Kentucky, USA. Awards and honours
On July 30, 2000, at the age of 72, Rajkumar, his son-in-law Govindaraju and two others were kidnapped from the actor's palatial house at Gajanur in Tamil Nadu by the bandit and terrorist Veerappan. Veerappan was demanding the release of his gang members who were being held in jail under a defunct anti-terrorism law. The event prompted a massive manhunt and threw the Karnataka government into crisis. Rajkumar was released unharmed on November 15, 2000, after 108 days of captivity. His kidnapping and the manner in which his release were secured are a mystery to this day.

Kidnapping
Dr. Rajkumar died at his home in Sadashivanagar, Bangalore, on April 12, 2006 (13.45 IST) following a cardiac arrest. He had a history of heart-related problems and had been admitted to Wockhardt Hospital for treatment of unstable angina. His health had been a concern after the kidnapping and since the death of his brother S.P. Varadaraju.
Due to his larger-than-life image, the city virtually came to a halt as the news spread about the death. His death precipitated a city-wide reaction comparable to the time he was kidnapped by Veerappan. Following the news of his death, there were violent outbreaks in Bangalore city. The Chief Minister H.D.Kumarswamy later claimed that the violence was instigated by vested political interests. An unofficial bandh (closure of all shops and other establishments) was announced. More than 100 vehicles were burnt; eight people were killed in police firing. of the riots.
The state government declared a state-wide holiday on April 13 as a mark of respect to the former actor. Private firms and businesses all over the city and many parts of the state remained closed due to the holiday.
His body was first kept at his home in Sadashivanagar. However, due to immense crowd pressure, the body was moved initially to Palace Grounds and then later to the Kanteerava Stadium. He was laid to rest in Kanteerava Studios in Bangalore on April 13, 2006.

Death and aftermath
The Karnataka government announced to make a Rs 10 crore memorial in the memory of Dr. Rajkumar at Kanteerava studios . Ref the website created in his memory - - http://www.rajkumarmemorial.com [4]

Memorial

Jagajyoti Basaveshwara - 1959 (Bijjaleshwara of Kalyana)
Ranadheera Kantheerava -1960 (Kantheerava of Mysore )
Kitturu Chennamma - 1961 (Mallasaraj of Kittur)
Satya Harishchandra - 1965 (Harishchandra of Ujjaini)
Immadi Pulikeshi - 1967 (Immadi Pulikeshi of Chalukya dynasty, South India)
Sri Krishnadevaraaya - 1970 (Sri Krishsadevaraaya of Hampi (Vijayanagara))
Mayura 1975 (Mayuravarma - Banavasi - First Kannada king (from Kadambas))
Kalidasa 1982 [dushantha maharaja]
Bhakta Prahlaada - 1983 ( Hiranyakashipu - Ahobala)
Babhruvaahana -1975 (Babhruvaahana) Rajkumar in a King's role

Pratigne
Janma Rahasya (CID)
Keralidha Simha
Bhale Huccha (CID)
Choori Chikkanna(CID)
Shankar Guru
Trimoorthi
Pratidhwani
Apoorva Sangama
Jedara Bale (CID 999 - Prakash)
Goadalli CID 999 (CID 999 - Prakash)
Operation Jackpot nalli CID 999 (CID 999 - Prakash)
Operation Diamond Racket (CID 999 - Prakash)
CID Rajanna (Rajanna)
Naanobba kalla
Bangalore Mail
Keralidha Simha(S.P. Shankar)
Akasmika (Narasimhamurthy)
Guri
Yarivanu
Shabdavedi (Sandeep)
Gandhada Gudi - Forest Range Officer (Kumar) Rajkumar in a Police role
Ade kannu - Gopi & Jagannath Rayru Akasmika - Narasimha Murthy Anuraga Aralithu - Shankar Babruvahana - Babruvahana and Arjuna Badavara Bandhu - Ranga Bangarada Manushya - Rajeeva Bhale huccha - Gopi Bedara Kannappa - Dinna/ Kannappa Bhagyadha Lakshmi Baramma - Panduranga Bhakta Kanakadasa - Thimma Nayaka / Kanakadasa Bhakta Kumbara - Goraa Bhaka Prahlada - Hiranya Kashiapu Bhagyavantharu - Kumar Bangarada Panjara - Beera Bhale Raja - Raja Bhakta Vijaya - Vijaya Bhakta Cheta - Cheta Bhoo Kailasa - Ravana Chalisuva Modagalu - Mohan Choori Chikanna - Chikkanna CID Rajanna - Rajanna Dari Thappidha Maga - Prasad and Prakash(& Prasanth) Devatha Manushya - Murthy Dhruva Taare - Saagar Eradu Nakshatragalu - Vijaya Eradu Kanasu - Ramachandra Rao Gaaligopura - Krishna Gange Gowri - Shiva Girikanye - Chenna Guri - Kali Prasad Gandhada Gudi (and Gandhada Gudi - II) - Kumar Havina Hede - Mutthu / Raj Halu Jenu - Ranga Hosa Belaku - Ravi Huliya Haalina Mevu - Chengu Mani Immadi Pulikeshi - Pulikeshi Janma Rahasya - Kumar Jeevana Chaitra - Jodidaar Vishwanathaiah Jagajyothi Basaweshwara - Bijjala Jedara Bale / Goadalli CID 999 / Operation Jockpot nalli CID 999 / Operation Diamond Racket - Prakash Jwalamukhi - Jayasimha Kaamanabillu - Surappa/Suri Kantheredhu Nodu - Gopu Kavirathna Kalidasa - Kalidasa & Dushyanta Kitturu Chennamma - Mallasarjaa Kilaadi Ranga - Ranga Lagnaptrike - Gudibandi Bheemarao Raghu Ramachandra Mallammana Pavaada - Chandrakanth / Chandru Manthralaya Mahatme - Venkatanatha / Raghavendra Swami Mahaasati Anusuya - Naarada Mahaathma Kabir - Kabira Mayor Muttanna - Muttanna Mahishaasura Mardhini - Mahishaasura Mayura - Vishnu Sharma / Mayura Mooruvare Vajragalu - Krishna, Naarada Navakoti Narayana - Srinivasa Nayaka/ Purandara Dasa Naa Ninna Mareyalaare - Kumar Nagarjuna - Arjuna Nanobba Kalla - Gopi Ohileshwara - Ohila, Raja, Yuvaraja Parashuram - Parashuram Premada Kanike - Manohar Raja Nanna Raja - Raja Ranadheera Kantheerava - Kantheerava Narasaraja Rowdy Ranganna - Ranganna Ravi Chandra - Ravi and Chandra Samayada Gombe - Anil / Gurumurthy Sampattige Sawal - Veera Bhadra Sanadi Appanna - Appanna Santa Tukaaraama - Tukaaraama Sarvajna Murthy - Sarvajna Satya Harishchandra - Harishchandra Sati Saavitri - Satyavaana Sri Krishna Rukmini Sathyabhaame - Sri Krishna Sri Krishna Gaarudi - Arjuna Shravana Banthu - Kumar Shabdavedi - Sandeep Sanaadi Appanna - Appanna Saakshaatkaara - Mahesh Shankar Guru - Shankar, Guru and Rajashekhar Swayamvara - Nataraj Shiva Mecchida Kannappa - Shiva Swarna Gowri - Chandra, Chiranjivi Sandhyaraga - Lakshmana Shri Krishnadhevaraya - Krishnadhevaraya Sipaayi Ramu - Ramu Srinivasa Kalyana - Srinivasa/Venkatesha/Balaji Thaayige Thakka Maga - Kumar Vasanta Geeta - Vasant
Names of a few roles acted by Rajkumar
As many as 17 singers gave voice to Rajkumar before he started singing his own songs, and that was after he had been acting for over two decades. Until 1974, P.B. Srinivas was Rajkumar's most frequent singing voice in films. However, once when P S Srinivas was not available to sing for the movie Sampattige Swaal, Composer G K Venkatesh encouraged Rajkumar to sing.With the song `Yaare koogadali', Rajkumar restarted his singing career, which was abruptly stopped after the movie Ohileshwara. Thus began his journey as the most famous actor-singer that the Kannada film industry has ever seen.
Memorable Singers, who lent voice to Rajkumar include P B Srinivas and Ghantasala Venkateshwara Rao.
Later on, Rajkumar sang songs in which he never acted. Here is a compilation of some of the songs:
01) Manushyaro Ivaru Raakshasaro ( 1981 - Bhagyavanta)
02) Satya Dharmagale ( 1985 - Dharma)
03) Jagave Ondu Ranaranga ( 1988 - Ranaranga)
04) Baduke Hasiru ( 1989 - Nanjundi Kalyana)
05) Hrudaya Samudra ( 1990 - Ashwamedha)
06) Ella Burude ( 1990 - Aasegobba Meesegobba)
07) Naliyutha Hrudya ( 1991 - Hrudaya Haaditu)
08) Manadalli Aaseye Bere ( 1991 - Modada Mareyalli)
09) Ombattu Ombattu ( 1991 - Kalyana Mantapa)
10) Shiva Shiva ( 1992 - Purushothama)
11) Naanu Nimmavanu ( 1992 - Purushothama)
12) Saptapadi ( 1992 - Saptapadi)
13) Megha Bantu Megha ( 1992 - Mannina Doni)
14) Baaligu Bhoomigu ( 1993 - Chira Bhandavya)
15) Amma Enuva Savi Maatu ( 1993 - Ananda Jyoti)
16) Thaayi Thaayi ( 1993 - Hoovu Hannu)
17) Deepavali ( 1993 - Muddina Maava)
18) Kannappa Kottanu Kannanu ( 1993 - Muddina Maava)
19) Jeeva Kogile Inchara ( 1993 - Anuragada Alegalu)
20) Ello Udurida ( 1993 - Jaga Mechida Huduga)
21) Shodhane Baduke Dinavu ( 1993 - Apoorva Jodi)
22) Gandhari Aagabeda ( 1993 - Mangalya Bandhana)
23) Thande Kodiso Seere ( 1993 - Midida Hrudayagalu)
24) Mai Gada Gada Naduguva ( 1993 - Naavibbaru Namagibbaru)
25) KannaDa Kai OLage ( 1993 - Munjaaneya Manju)
26) Naavaduva Nudiye ( 1994 - Gandhada Gudu Part II)
27) Ondu Maathanadade ( 1994 - Gandugali)
28) Samsarada Sagara ( 1994 - Hetta Karulu)
29) Megha Maale ( 1994 - Megha Maale)
30) Badukondu Daivaleele ( 1994 - Saagara Deepa)
31) Aasegala Lokadhali ( 1994 - Kaavya)
32) BaaLu Nanjaayite ( 1994 - Kaaveri Teeradali)
33) Hey Dinakara ( 1995 - Om)
34) Oh Gulabiye ( 1995 - Om)
35) Raita Raita ( 1995 - Dore)
36) Henne Nee Alabeda ( 1995 - Shraavana Sanje)
37) Arishina Kunkuma ( 1995 - Thaayi Illada Tavaru)
38) Oh Malle Hoove Ninagella ( 1995 - Karulina Kudi)
39) Kannadada Kuvaranu Naane ( 1995 - Gadibidi Aliya)
40) Dehavendare Oh Manuja ( 1996 - Janumada Jodi)
41) Janumada Jodi Aadaru ( 1996 - Janumada Jodi)
42) Aa Vidha Thanda Sambandha ( 1996 - Karnataka Suputra)
43) Nooraru Nenapina ( 1996 - Sutradhara)
44) Nee Kanda Aa Loka ( 1996 - Dhani)
45) Hey YOdha ( 1996 - Circle Inspector)
46) Yuga Yuga Saagi Hogi ( 1996 - Gajanoora GanDu)
47) Hara Hara Gange ( 1997 - Jodi Hakki)
48) Manege Ondu Baagilu ( 1997 - Simhada Mari)
49) Shivane SHivane ( 1997 - Raja)
50) Anuragadha Sangamavo ( 1997 - Maduve)
51) Thamma Thamma Kelole ( 1998 - Gadibidi Krishna)
52) Thali Thali THali Baali ( 1998 - Kurubana Rani)
53) HoomaLe HoomaLe HoogaLa ( 1998 - HoomaLe)
54) Devarigeno KOpa Bandu ( 1998 - Baaro Nanna Muddina KrishNa)
55) YeddeLu HuDuga ( 1998 - Swasthik)
56) Oh Premada Gangeye ( 1999 - Hrudaya Hrudaya)
57) Hogi Baa ( 1999 - Hrudaya Hrudaya)
58) Eneno Kanasu Kandalu ( 1999 - Idu Entha Premavayya)
59) Aa Vidhathana Varavide ( 1999 - Janumadaata )
60) Vishwa Vishwa ( 1999 - Vishwa)
61) Aayi Aayi Ooa Laali ( 1999 - Tuvvi Tuvvi Tuvvi)
62) Olavendare Sangeeta ( 1999 - Tuvvi Tuvvi Tuvvi)
63) Manjanthe Elemele Neenu ( 2000 - Devara Maga)
64) Jaggadu Jaggadu ( 2000 - Hagalu Vesha)
65) Aa Devara Haadidu ( 2002 - Appu)
66) Panavidu Panavidu ( 2002 - Appu)
67) Vidhi Baraha ( 2003 - Abhi)
68) Bandhuve Oh Bandhuve ( 2003 - Chigurida Kanasu)
69) Bayasuvudeno Aaguvudeno ( ???? )
70) Bhoomi Thaayiya ( Bhoomi Thaayiya Chocchala Magananu )
71) Ibbara Kiru Beralugalu ( ???? )
72) Maduveya Padave ( ???? )
73) Ravi Illade ( ???? )
74) Ye Vidhiye ( taaLiya soubhaagya )
75) kannaDada mathu chenna, kannaDada nela chenna (samara)
76) Cheluvi Cheluvi Endu Ati Aase paDabEDa (meese chiguridaaga)
77) Devana Kaleyalli (1995 - Nischitartha )
78) Sathi Endare ( 1995 - Mister Abhishek )
79) Kaavyavo Hosa Kaavyavo ( 1996 - Aaditya)
80) Mouna Raagadinda ( 1996 - Mouna Raaga)
81) Anjadiru Henne ( 1996 - Arishina Kunkuma)
82) Janumava Neediruve ( 1997 - Ellarantalla Nanna Ganda )
83) Thaali Thaali ( 1997 - Enoondre )
84) Kelu Kelavva ( 2000 - Indradhanush )
85) Yaara Kanasalla ( 2000 - Indradhanush )
86) Hennendare Ambike Nija Maadamma Ee Naada Nambike
87) Premigale Oh Premigale (????)
88) Makkalu Beku Anthare Makkalu Iradavaru
89) A duet song in the movie Devasundari for the actor Narasimharaju (1962 - Devasundari)

Songs sung by Rajkumar for others

Jeeva hoovagide -Nee nanna gellalare
Beladingalagi Baa - Huliya Haline Mevu
Raaga Anuraaga - Sanaadi Appanna
Yaare Koogadali - Sampathige Sawaal
Cheluveya Nota - Shankar Guru
Haalalladaru Haaku - Devatha Manushya
Naadamayaa ee lokavella - Jeevana Chaitra
Huttidare Kannada Naadalli - Akasmika
Manikya Veenam Upalalayanthim - Kaviratna Kalidasa
Yaava Kaviyu - Bhagyada Lakshmi Baaramma
Entha Soundarya Kande - Ravi Chandra
Naa Ninna Mareyalaare - Naa Ninna Mareyalaare
Kanneera Dhaare - Hosa Belaku
Haalu Jenu Ondaada Haage - Haalu Jenu
Aaradhisuve - Babruvaahana
Vaara Banthamma - Bhagyavantha
Baanigondu Elle Ellide - Premada Kanike
Mutthinantha Maathondu - Bahaddur Gandu
Shreekanta Vishakanta - Anuraaga Aralitu
Amma Neenu - Keralida Simha
Jenina Holeyo - Chalisuva Modagalu
Ade Kannu - Ade Kannu
Indu Ananda - Kaamanabillu
Le Le Appana Magale - Trimurthi
Bisi Bisi Kajjaya - Haavina Hede
if you come today - Operation Diamond Racket
Anuraaga Enaitu -Nee nanna gellalare
BaaLu BeLakaayitu -Haalu Jenu
Vishwanathanu Tandeyadare - Taayige Takka Maga
Entha Sogasu Maguvina Manasu - Taayige Takka Maga
Neenaado Maatella Chanda - Vasantageetha
Mary Mary Mary I Love You - Shravana Bantu
Sathyabhame Sathyabhame" - RaviChandra
Enendu Naa HeLali - Girikanye
Naariya Seere Kadda - Daari Tappida Maga
Baanigondu Elle Ellide - Premada Kanike
Idu Yaaru Bareda Katheyo - Premada Kanike
Hosa Belaku" - Hosa Belaku
KaNNeera Dhare Ideke - Hosa Belaku
Cheluveye Ninna NoDalu - Hosa Belaku
Belli Mooditu Koli Koogitu - Kaviratna Kalidasa
ALabyaaD kaNe sumkire - Kaviratna Kalidasa Memorable songs of Rajkumar

Main article: Filmography of Rajkumar Selected Filmography

Filmography of Rajkumar
Cinema of Karnataka
Kannada Trivia

A.N.Prahlada Rao. Bangarada Manushya. July 2005. A chronicle on Dr. Rajkumar, the book is a reference volume about the history of Kannada film industry in general and about the history, life and works of Rajkumar.

The North Sea Canal or Noordzeekanaal is a Dutch ship canal from Amsterdam to the North Sea at IJmuiden, constructed between 1865 and 1876 to enable seafaring vessels to reach the port of Amsterdam. It ends at Amsterdam in the closed-off IJ bay, which in turn connects to the Amsterdam-Rhine Canal.
Together there are the following connections:
Railroad tunnels (with nearest train station on the south and north bank):
Road tunnels, from east to west:
Several ferries. In Amsterdam there are several across the IJ; at least one is frequent, operating 24 hours a day, free of charge.
There are four locks, of various sizes at the North Sea mouth of the canal.

between Amsterdam Sloterdijk and Zaandam
between Driehuis and Beverwijk
Zeeburger Tunnel and Zeeburger Bridge
Zuiderzeeweg
IJ Tunnel
Coen Tunnel
Wijker Tunnel (part of the A9 motorway)
Velser Tunnel

Dropout may refer to:
Dropout (astronomy)
Dropout (bicycle part)
Dropout (electrical engineering)
"Drop Out," a song from the album Scream, Dracula, Scream! by Rocket from the Crypt
"Drop Out", a song from the album You Fail Me by Converge
The College Dropout, the debut album released by rapper Kanye West in 2004
Drop Out with The Barracudas, the debut album by The Barracudas
Dropping out of society or school

The Tibeto-Burman family of languages (often considered a sub-group of the Sino-Tibetan language family) is spoken in various central and south Asian countries, including Myanmar (Burma), Tibet, northern Thailand, parts of central China (Guizhou, Hunan), northern parts of Nepal, Bhutan, India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir), and western Pakistan (Baltistan).
The subfamily includes approximately 350 languages; Burmese has the most speakers (approximately 32 million). Approximately 8 million Tibetans and related peoples speak one of several related Tibetan dialects or languages.
Recently George van Driem has advocated elevating "Tibeto-Burman" to displace "Sino-Tibetan" as the top-tier language family, with the Chinese languages (Sinitic) classified as a sub-branch within the Tibeto-Burman/Sino-Tibetan family. This proposal has not been widely accepted.

Classification
I. Bodic (a.k.a. Western)
A. Bodish

i. Central Bodish (a.k.a. Tibetan)

a. Western Tibetan
b. Central Tibetan

i) Western
ii) mNgaẖris
iii) gTsang
iv) dBus (a.k.a. 'Central' Central Tibetan)
v) Southern Tibetan
c. Amdo Tibetan (a.k.a. Northeastern Tibetan)
d. Khams Tibetan (a.k.a. Southeastern Tibetan)
ii. West Bodish (a.k.a. Gurung, Tamang)
iii. East Bodish (a.k.a. Bumthang)
iv. Tshangla (a.k.a. East Bodic)
v. West Himalayish (a.k.a. Kanauri)
B. Himalayan

i. Central
ii. Kiranti
II. North-East India (a.k.a. Sal)
A. Bodo-Garo

i. Northern Naga
B. Jinghpaw
C. Luish (a.k.a. Sak)
D. Pyu
III. Kuki-Chin
A. Southern Naga
B. Kuki
C. Chin
D. Arleng
IV. Central
A. Lepcha
B. Western Arunachal
C. Adi-Galo-Mishing-Nishi (a.k.a. Abor-Miri-Dafla, Tani group of people believed to be descendants of ABOTANI, first Human being)
D. Digarish 'Mishmi'
E. Keman 'Mishmi'
F. Rawang (a.k.a. Nungish)
V. North-Eastern
VI. South-Eastern
A. Burmese-Lolo (a.k.a. Burmic)

i. Mru
ii. Gong
iii. Burmish
iv. Loloish

a. Northern
b. Central
c. Southern
B. Karen

Benedict (1972)
Unlike Benedict (1972), Shafer's tentative classification does not separate Sino-Tibetan into two branches: Chinese and Tibeto-Burman. Rather, Chinese (Sinitic) is placed on the same level as Benedict's subgroupings of Tibeto-Burman.
Sino-Tibetan:
I. Sinitic
II. Daic
III. Bodic
IV. Burmic
V. Baric
VI. Karenic

Ethnologue

Pizza Hut Inc. is a restaurant chain and international franchise based in Addison, Texas, USA (a northern suburb of Dallas) specializing in American-style pizza along with side dishes including (depending on location) buffalo wings, breadsticks, and garlic bread. Pizza Hut is the world's largest pizza restaurant chain and is a subsidiary of Yum! Brands, Inc.. YUM! restaurants total approximately 34,000 restaurants, delivery-carry out units, and kiosks in 100 countries..

History
The most commonly sold food at the restaurants is the "Pan Pizza", which usually comes in four different sizes including Personal Pan (which is an individual serving), Small, Medium, and Large, although most stores have done away with the small size. They come in a variety of toppings, including "specialty" styles, which consists of Meat Lovers, Pepperoni Lovers, Cheese Lovers, Veggie Lovers, Double Cheeseburger, Supreme, and Super Supreme, which is Pizza Hut's most expensive pizza. Pan Pizza has a thicker crust than most other commercially available pizzas. Unlike most of Pizza Hut's competitors (such as Domino's deep dish or Papa John's Perfect Pan), Pizza Hut does not charge extra for its pan pizza.
In addition to the Pan Pizza, Pizza Hut also sells "Stuffed Crust" (with the outermost edge wrapped around a coil of mozzarella cheese); "Hand-Tossed" (which is more like traditional pizzeria crusts); "Thin 'N Crispy" (a thin and crispy dough which was the original crust); "Bigfoot", which is a two-foot by one-foot square cut pizza; and the Dippin' Strips pizza, which is similar to a Sicilian pizza but is cut into small strips that can be dipped into a number of sauces. Another is the "Edge" pizza, where the pizza is baked with no puffy crust, and the toppings reach nearly to the edge of the pie.
Pizza Hut has experimented with new products frequently. Less successful ones have been discontinued. These include Chicago Dish Pizza and Sicilian pizza; the Sicilian Pizza made a 2006 comeback as the Lasagna Pizza. Other products Pizza Hut has offered are the "P'zone", Pizza Hut's version of the calzone; the "Cheesy Bites", similar to the "Stuffed Crust" except the crust has been divided into bite-sized pieces that can be pulled apart; and the "Insider", where a layer of cheese is in between two layers of dough.
Pizza Hut also has a number of side dishes including bread sticks, cheese sticks, cinnamon sticks, mozzarella sticks, onion rings, hot and mild chicken wings, boneless wings, chicken munchers, jalapeño poppers, and garlic bread.
Depending on the size, Pizza Huts also may offer pasta dinners such as Spaghetti and Cavatini - a mixture of Cavatelli (shells), Rotini (spirals), and Rotelle (wheels). They often come with a side of garlic bread. Some Pizza Huts also serve lunch and dinner buffets with numerous types of pizza, breadsticks and pastas, as well as a salad bar.
A new, upscale concept was unveiled in 2005, called "Pizza Hut Italian Bistro". The concept, unveiled at fifty locations nationwide, is similar to a traditional Pizza Hut, except that new pasta dishes are offered, such as penne pasta, chicken pomodoro; toasted sandwiches and other foods are also offered. Pizza Hut Bistros still serve the chain's traditional pizzas and sides, as well.

Products
Pizza Hut restaurants are located throughout the world. Based on their location and the culture of the people, Pizza Hut often offers different menu choices in these countries than in the United States and Canada.

International operation
The menu has recently been simplified, there are now only five types of bases available, Pan Pizza, "The Italian" (A more traditional style pizza), "The Edge" (A really thin base with no crusts, cut into 16 squares, rather than traditional slices), stuffed crust, and the reintroduction of the "Cheesy Bites" pizza but with an addition of a tangy tomato fondue.
In addition the menu offers a buffet; all you can eat "under terms and conditions", for pizza only or for a combination of pizza, pasta, and salad.
It is also now possible to order Pizzas over the internet.

UK & Ireland
In Australia, Pizza Hut has followed a different model—after an initial attempt to introduce Pizza Hut restaurants as in the United States and the United Kingdom, Australian Pizza Huts now generally operate as take away and delivery operations with all orders processed by two major call centers located in Brisbane and Sydney. Originally, Australian Pizza Huts were full service sit-down restaurants, but were scaled back due to increased competition from other fast food chains (however some sit-in restaurants remain). Australian Pizza Hut restaurants currently compete with Domino's, Pizza Haven, Eagle Boys and various other pizza stores.

Australia
Pizza Hut established itself in Greece in 1990. There are a total of 41 locations across Greece. They are located in: Athens (32 locations), Corfu (1 location), Crete/Heracleon (1 location), Patras (1 location), Rhodes (1 location), Thessalonica (4 locations) and Zakinthos (1 location) (Source:[1]). Pizza Hut offers in Greece a variety of choices based on the local tastes, such as 'Greek Lover's pizza' and 'Cyprus Lover's pizza' with the first having feta cheese and the latter halloumi cheese among other ingredients.

Greece
Pizza Hut is one of the most popular fast food outlets in Bangladesh. Currently there are two outlets, one in Dhaka(Gulshan-1) and the other at Chittagong (GEC Mor). Another 2/3 outlets are set to start operations soon. All foods served in the outlets in Bangladesh are halal. An all you can eat bonanza is served during the holy months of Ramadan. The menu in Bangladesh does not have any localized content nor home delivery, unlike Pizza Huts all over the sub-continent, however free Pepsi refills and some small gifts are only available to djuice (a mobile phone package) subscribers at every purchase.

Bangladesh
Pizza Hut in Sri Lanka is one of the first variety chain stores in the country. Currently Pizza Hut offers an online ordering system which delivers to the following outlets: Colombo, Negombo, Kandy, Kiribathgoda, Kotahena, Colpetty, Union Place, Rajagiriya, Havelock Rd., Malabe, Dehiwala, Nugegoda, Thalawathugoda, Moratuwa, Maharagama and Wattala.

Sri Lanka
In Malaysia, Pizza Hut offers toppings that do not contain pork to comply with the Muslim majority; instead, substitutions made with chicken or turkey are used. There are also different toppings that reflects the country's cuisine, for example, satay.

Singapore
Pizza Hut opened its first restaurant in 1984, and now currently operating more than 130 dine-in restaurants, delivery units, express counters and six Pizza Hut Bistros throughout the Philippine archipelago. Most of the Pizza Hut franchises in the Philippines are located in shopping malls. The Philippines is one of only two countries in the world where Pizza Hut serves chips.

The Philippines
Pizza Hut first started operations in Pakistan by opening its first restaurant near Bank's Square on Mall Road in Lahore. It then expanded to Karachi and Peshawar. Now it also has restaurants in Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Quetta and Multan. The topping Chicken Tikka which is now used in franchises in India was first used in restaurants in Pakistan.

Pakistan
Pizza Hut came to India in 1996 with a dine-in restaurant in Bangalore, that had special vegetarian pizzas. In addition to traditional toppings, it incorporates Indian favorite foods such as Chicken tikkas, Lamb korma and other dishes, in its list of innovative toppings. Along with pizzas, the menu features appetizers such as garlic bread and soups, fresh salads, oven-baked pastas and choice of ice-cream sundaes. They have some American and Italian foods other than just Indian foods. They have pepperoni pizzas as well as cheese and the like. They have different types of meal orders such as the Four Course Menu. In the Four Course Menu you can get garlic bread (with or without cheese), a small bowl of soup (mushroom or tomato basil), a small personal pan and a desert of mango ice cream.
Pizza Hut now has a presence in many major Indian cities such as Bangalore, Chandigarh, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Udaipur, Lucknow, New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Kanpur,Chennai, Pune, Surat, Jaipur Puducherry, Coimbatore, Amritsar, Cochin, Agra, Hyderabad (with multiple branches in many of those cities), Ahmedabad,Indore,Mangalore,Mysore,Visakhapatnam and Bhubaneswar.

India
In Israel, Pizza Hut is kosher in order to accommodate Jewish law. Most places in the world, Pizza Hut pizza is not certified as Kosher.
The popular slogan there is:

Great pizza under one roof Israel
The first Pizza Hut in Hong Kong was opened in 1981, in the basement of The Landmark (demolished in 2000 with the Landmark East portion of the complex). It currently has 54 restaurants over Hong Kong, 34 being "express" restaurants and 20 being full service restaurants
"Pizza Hut Hong Kong" is notable for its menu with half of the pizza selections that are thousand island sauce based. Also, along with pizza, pasta, lasagna and baked rice are equally emphasized in Hong Kong's Pizza Hut outlets.

Hong Kong
Recently, many Pizza Hut restaurants have opened throughout Austria, most notably in Teesdorf.

Austria
Pizza Hut entered the German market as "Pepsi Food Services" in 1983. Currently, there are 69 locations throughout Germany (not counting the Pizza Hut locations on US military bases run by AAFES), German corporate headquarters are located in Düsseldorf. The first Pizza Hut opened in Frankfurt am Main in 1983. Pizza Hut employs approximately 2,600 people. Pizza Hut Germany consists of the traditional Pizza Hut restaurant with the full menu as well as Pizza Hut Express locations (found mostly in large train stations such as Cologne and Frankfurt) which sell Personal Pan Pizzas as well as pizza by the slice. Combined KFC/Pizza Hut locations are found in Augsburg, Bochum, Darmstadt, Frankfurt (Hauptwache), Hamburg, Kaarst, Cologne (Frankfurter Straße near Cologne/Bonn Airport) and Paderborn. These combined locations sell mainly KFC products with a limited Pizza Hut menu (similar selection as described in the Pizza Hut Express concept). The prices are the same across Germany.

Germany
The first Pizza Hut in Mainland China was the restaurant at Dongzhimen in Beijing, opened on December 1, 1990. As of 2005 there are nearly 200 restaurants in more than 50 cities, such as almost all the provincial capitals and large cities such as Shanghai, Tianjin, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Wuhan and Changsha. In China, Pizza Hut is marketed as a dine-in restaurant, serving sangria and escargot as well as the traditional pizza (including traditional toppings and others like tuna).

Mainland China
In October 2003, Belgrade got its first Pizza Hut restaurant. The restaurant is situated in Makedonska Street 44 in the heart of Belgrade. This Pizza Hut offers pizzas, pastas, salads and starters, as well as coffee, cakes, and ice cream. In early 2004, Pizza Hut introduced Take–Away as a new service.

Serbia
Pizza Hut was and is a big hit in Egypt. It was one of the first fast food chains that opened in Egypt, after KFC & Wimpy and before McDonald's. It now has many outlets all over the country. Pizza Hut serves Pan Pizza, Thin n' Crispy and Stuffed Crust, with all the basic toppings, however no pork, ham nor bacon are available to please the Muslim majority. Pasta, salads and desserts were introduced in 2005. Before that Pizza Hut was only known for its pizzas, with few other choices. That was changed as a result of heavy competition with other pizza chains.

Egypt
The first Pizza Hut outlet was opened in the capital Sofia near the National Football Stadium in June 1995. It became a hit and now there are more than 10 outlets in Bulgaria. Since 1996 Pizza Hut offers a Take Away service.

Bulgaria
There are some Pizza Hut outlets in São Paulo and in other cities in the Southern part of the country. The first Pizza Hut in Northern Brazil opened in Belem, Para in 2005. Like many other Brazilian pizza restaurants, Pizza Hut in Brazil also offers various desert pizzas with various toppings including chocolate and caramel.

Brazil
Pizza Hut opened its first outlet in the Netherlands in 1973; it is still operating at the same location in The Hague. This outlet was the first Pizza Hut in Europe. Pizza Hut isn't that much of a success in the Netherlands: in 1997 there were about thirteen outlets, but as of 2007, there are only three locations left - The Hague, Scheveningen and Rotterdam. There also used to be five Pizza Hut Express counters at railway stations across the Netherlands. These have been taken over by New York Pizza (a big rival in the Netherlands). (Source: Pizza Hut Netherlands)

The Netherlands
In 1984, Pizza Hut opened its first location at the Basilix Shopping Center in Brussels. 1996 saw the introduction of Pizza Hut's Cheezy Crust recipe. In 2001, all Belgian Pizza Hut locations were franchised and a 5-year projection of opening 5 new locations a year was set. The following locations were added over the past 5 years: Lochristi (2001), Antwerpen (new delivery locations, 2002), Brussels (new delivery locations, 2002), Anderlecht and Wezembeek (Pizza Hut Take Away locations converted into delivery units, 2006), Burcht (new full-service restaurant, 2006) and Evere Pizza Hut Take Away locations converted into delivery unit, 2006). A delivery service is offered for the Antwerpen and Brussels locations. Today, there are 69 locations all across Belgium. (Source: Pizza Hut Belgium Timeline)

Belgium
Luxembourg's first location opened in its capital on December 9th, 1987. Two more locations were added on July 12th, 1994 and on August 13th, 1998. Today, there are 3 locations across Luxembourg: Luxembourg Ville (opened in 1987), Strassen (opened in 1994) and Beggen (opened in 1998). Luxembourg Ville and Strassen were built as typical European Pizza Hut locations, both buildings reflect more European characteristics than the typical American architectural counterparts. In stark contrast, Beggen was built as an American-style stand-alone, red roof Pizza Hut adjacent to a Texaco gas station. Pizza Hut's menu in Luxembourg reflects the standard offering found in most European locations (Pan Pizzas/Cheezy Crust) as well as specialized variations (Italian crust). (Source: Pictures and Location info)

Luxembourg
There are 2 Pizza Hut locations in Andorra: 1 in Escaldes and 1 in Meritxell (Source Pizza Hut locations in Andorra ).

Andorra
Pizza Hut entered the Spanish market in 1980. Today, Pizza Hut Spain operates 130 locations across Spain including locations on the Balearic Islands. (Source: Pizza Hut Spain)

Spain
Pizza Hut in Japan, run by KFC Japan Ltd., began its operations in 1991 with its first outlet in Myougadani, Tokyo. They currently serve pizza with "cheesy roll" crust, which contains cheese filled rolls made of crust surrounding the pizza. They also have the "sausage roll" pizza, which has sausage inside the crust instead of cheese. (Mmm, Tok-ee-oooooo)

Japan
Pizza Hut (aka S.C. American Restaurant System S.A.) has a total of 11 locations in the following cities: Bacau (1 location, inside METRO AG), Bucharest (4 locations), Cluj (1 location, inside METRO AG), Constanta (2 locations), Iasi (1 location), Ramnicu Valcea (1 location) and Timisoara (1 location). Pizza Hut Romania's menu includes Pan Pizza, Classic and Thin 'n' Crispy crust pizzas, salads, pasta, appetizers (garlic bread, quesadillas)and desserts (cakes, brownies, mousse) as well as the Junior Menu (Pizza Junior & Dessert Junior) for kids. (Source:[2]).

Romania
Pizza Hut's main advertising slogan is "Gather 'round the good stuff". Pizza Hut does not have an official international mascot, but at one time, there were commercials in the United States called 'The Pizza Head Show.' These commercials ran from 1993-1997 and were based loosely on the Mr. Bill shorts from Saturday Night Live in the 1970s. The ads featured a slice of pizza with a face made out of toppings called 'Pizza Head'. In Australia during the Mid to late 1990s, the advertising mascot was a delivery boy named Dougie, with boyish good looks who, upon delivering pizza to his father, would hear the catchphrase "Here's a tip, be good to your mother".
In 1994, Donald Trump and ex-wife Marla Maples starred in a commercial. The ending of the commercial showed Maples-Trump asking for the last slice, to which Donald replied, "Actually dear, you're only entitled to half", a play on the couple's recent divorce.
In 1995, Ringo Starr starred in a Pizza Hut commercial which also featured The Monkees. Rush Limbaugh also starred in a Pizza Hut commercial the same year.
In 1997, former Soviet Union President Mikhail Gorbachev starred in a Pizza Hut commercial to raise money for the Perestroyka Archives. In recent years, Pizza Hut has had various celebrity spokespeople, including Jessica Simpson, the Muppets, and Damon Hill and Murray Walker. Recent commercials have Queen Latifah providing the voiceover.
Also in 1997 , Pizza Hut, after decades reunited "greatest of all time boxer" Muhamad Ali with real life tainer Angelo Dundee in a sentimental made for Super Bowl commercial . The Ad with a production buget set in the millions. Featured Dunee training a" hotheaded caulky " boxer played by David Bortolucci Who doen't respect his coach, till he discovers , he was the trainer of the greatest.
Another UK advert shows British Formula One driver Damon Hill visit a Pizza Hut restaurant and order a pizza, with famous F1 commentator Murray Walker visiting with him, and narrating as though it was a Formula One race. As Hill is about to finish his meal, Walker, in a play on Hill's 1994 & 1995 seasons, shouts "And Hill finishes second, again!" at which Hill grabs Walker by his shirt and shakes him angrily, Walker proclaiming, in his usual tones, "He's lost it! He's out of control!"
The 1990 NES game Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Arcade Game, came with a coupon for a free pizza. The game was filled with Pizza Hut advertising and pizza that would refill the character's life.
Pizza Hut sponsored the first space pizza delivery in 2001, and paid for their logo to appear on a Russian Proton rocket in 2000.
In Australia, 2006 saw the introduction of a mascot in Pizza Hut's advertising - "Pizza Mutt", a small dog who delivers pizzas.
Early 2007 saw Pizza Hut move into several more interactive ways of marketing to the consumer. Utilizing mobile phone SMS technology and their MyHut ordering site, they aired several television commercials (commencing just before the Super Bowl) containing hidden words that viewers could type into their phones to receive coupons. Other innovative efforts included their "MySpace Ted" campaign, which took advantage of the popularity of social networking, and the burgeoning user-submission marketing movement via their Vice President of Pizza contest.

Advertising

In the early 1990s, as part of PepsiCo's sponsorship of The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, Pizza Hut was included in the acknowledgment alongside Taco Bell and KFC, which PepsiCo owned at the time.
In 2000, Pizza Hut was a part-time sponsor of Galaxy Motorsports' #75 Ford in the then NASCAR Winston Cup Series, driven by Wally Dallenbach Jr.
Pizza Hut was the shirt sponsor of English football club Fulham F.C. for the 2001-02 season.
Terry Labonte drove selected events with Pizza Hut as the primary sponsor of his #44 car in 2005.
Pizza Hut purchased the naming rights to Major League Soccer club FC Dallas' stadium, Pizza Hut Park, prior to its opening in 2005.
In 2005, Pizza Hut sponsored The Simpsons on Channel 4. The adverts often contained the catchphrase "Who's called the Hut?" At the same time, due to a deal that started years earlier, Domino's Pizza sponsored The Simpsons on a different British TV station, Sky One.
In March 2007, Pizza Hut partnered with Verizon Wireless to offer a free LG mobile phone with the purchase of a Cheesy Bites Pizza.
In the Japanese Anime, Code Geass, Pizza Hut boxes can be seen in several episodes of the Anime.
In the Japanese Anime, Darker than BLACK, a Pizza Hut branch can be seen below the detective agency in some episodes.
Recent Pizza Hut television ads use the track "Can't Get Enough of You Baby" by pop rock group Smash Mouth. Sponsorship
Pizza Hut has been a longtime sponsor of the "Book It!" program, which encourages reading in American schools. Those who read books according to the goal set by the classroom teacher are rewarded with Pizza Hut coupons offering free or discounted menu items. In the late 1980s, Pizza Hut threw free pizza parties for classes if all students met their reading goals. The program has received criticism from some child development specialists, on grounds that the food and educational message provided to children is more harmful than helpful.

Unions
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The 1976 film The Bad News Bears has a sequence early in the film where all the coaches of the Little League teams for the upcoming season congregate at a Pizza Hut.
In the film Spaceballs, one of the villains is named Pizza the Hutt.
In the 1989 film Back to the Future Part II, the McFly family is having a Pizza Hut dehydrated pizza for dinner after being fully hydrated by a Black & Decker Hydrator. One side of the pizza has pepperoni, the other side has green peppers.
A Pizza Hut pizza can be seen in the 1991 movie, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze.
In the first Wayne's World movie (1992), Wayne talks about how he refuses to sell out to corporate society, then holds up a slice of Pizza Hut pizza.
In the television sitcom Friends, the character Ross Geller had his first bachelor party in the basement of a Pizza Hut.
In the film Clerks II, the main characters, en route to work at the fictitious Mooby's fast food restaurant, pass a number of actual fast food franchise restaurants dotting Route 35 in Middletown Township, New Jersey; one happens to be a Pizza Hut.
Pizza Hut was prominently featured in the 2006 film, The Benchwarmers. Whenever a baseball team wins a game in the film, it goes to celebrate at Pizza Hut. Furthermore, the character played by David Spade tries to win over a girl who fills the salad bar at Pizza Hut with the line "I like salad". The final celebration in the film takes place at the restaurant.